TURKSISH MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS – İSTANBUL II – CONTACTS
Coordinator/Ambassador
Şander Gürbüz 0530 239 58 87
Concept papers – Program – Speeches-Communique
Sedef Yavuzalp 0530 966 82 12
Olgan Bekar 0544 289 54 28
Senem Güzel 0532 508 48 46
Invitations – Participation
Arda Ulutaş 0531 011 87 50
Erkan Öner 0532 566 35 39
Nalan Ak 0538 238 25 68
PARTNERSHIP FORUM (Energy, Water, Roads)
İEGY (Tuğrul Ercan Özten) 0507 529 70 29
Artemiz Sümer 0530 280 45 82
Kemalettin Eruygur 0530 932 58 50
PARTNERSHIP FORUM (Resilience)
UKGY (Berk Baran) 0536 641 87 48
İEGY (Tuğrul Ercan Özten) 0507 529 70 29
Senem Güzel 0532 508 48 46
Dinner arrangements (Senior/VIP level)
İMAD (Mete Gönül) 0530 555 0063
İMAD (Murat Şahan Karaca) 0530 931 20 81
Protokol (Celal Doğan) 0530 966 82 14
Hotels
İMAD (Sercan Çelik) 0530 414 53 68
Arda Ulutaş 0531 011 87 50
Erkan Öner 0532 566 35 39
Nalan Ak 0538 238 25 68
Transport
Admin (Mustafa Öztürk) 0543 417 78 20
Contracted Private Co
Recep Özdemir 0534 898 34 59
Translation/Interpreters
Hüseyin Özbaş 0554 560 31 76
İMAD (Mete Gönül) 0530 555 0063
İMAD (Murat Şahan Karaca) 0530 931 20 81
Media – Press conferences/releases
ENFD (Zeynep Gündüz) 0530 667 14 71
Kemalettin Eruygur 0530 932 58 50
Olgan Bekar 0544 289 54 28
Fatih Cangür 0506 844 77 51
Security
Protokol (Celal Doğan) 0530 966 82 14
Mehmet Emre Kök 0531 324 82 80
Administration
Erdeniz Şen 0530 931 20 59
Çağatay Saraç 0530 414 53 67
Sinem Atay 0530 555 00 64
Protokol
Özgür Bora Özkul 0536 694 21 27
Hatice Özge Pan 0530 944 84 22
1 ISTANBUL DECLARATION
ISTANBUL, TURKEY – 22 MAY 2010
The Istanbul Conference on Somalia took place in Istanbul from 21-23 May, 2010 reflecting the
strong determination of the United Nations, the Government of Turkey and the International
Community to work with the Transitional Federal Institutions and the people of Somalia to defeat the
cycle of lawlessness, violence and despair in the country and to build in its place a peaceful and
prosperous future for the Somali people. The Conference reaffirmed the sovereignty, territorial
integrity, political independence and unity of Somalia.
The Conference was held within the framework of the Djibouti Agreement, which provides Somalia
and its leaders with a clear and viable path for achieving a comprehensive and lasting settlement of
the situation in Somalia. The Djibouti Process remains open for all Somalis to work towards peace,
reconciliation and development. The Conference expressed its full support to President Sheikh Sharif
Ahmed and the Transitional Federal Institutions in their efforts to implement the Djibouti Agreement.
It reiterated its commitment to improve the lives and security of the Somali people, foster
reconciliation, human rights and good governance, increase access to basic services, initiate
reconstruction activities and set Somalia firmly on the path to peace and sustainable development.
The Conference noted the existence of several outstanding commitments made in previous forums on
Somalia and urged the Transitional Federal Institutions and the International Community to
implement them. The Conference placed particular emphasis on the urgency for the Transitional
Federal Government to address its considerable political, economic and security challenges. It also
encouraged the private sector to play a positive role in strengthening peace and stability.
1. The Conference Recognized that:
• Somalia’s people and leaders face a determined effort, fuelled by internal and external
interference, to hinder social, economic and political progress. Overcoming the current
hardships and insecurity will require a determined, long-term effort to promote political
cooperation and build strong government institutions, while countering the pervasive
influence of those profiting from the conflict, as well as the presence of foreign fighters and
other elements of extremism.
• It is important that the Djibouti Peace Process and transition are kept on track. The successful
implementation of the Djibouti Agreement demands the rejection of violence and extremism;
continued outreach and political reconciliation with those outside the peace process who
accept dialogue. The Conference welcomed progress made by the Transitional Federal
Government in this regard, as illustrated by its agreement with Ahlu Sunna Wal Jama’a in
March 2010, and a security accord related to countering piracy with the Puntland region in
April 2010 and on bilateral cooperation in August 2008. The Conference encouraged Puntland
to continue maintaining its stability and political cooperation with the TFG. It welcomed the
current democratization process in “Somaliland” and urged for peaceful completion of its
upcoming elections in a transparent manner.
2
• Somalia needs to establish loyal and professional security forces with a strong and unified
command and control structure and reintegrate those armed groups that have joined the TFG.
The re-establishment, training, equipping, payment and retention of Somali security forces is
vital for the long-term stability of Somalia. The Conference commended all those Member
States and international organizations providing training for the Somalia security forces. It
emphasized the importance of coordinated, timely and sustained support from the
international community and appealed for the prompt and timely disbursement of funds
pledged in support of the Somali security institutions. In addition, the Conference welcomed
the increased number of trained Somali recruits, as well as the senior Transitional Federal
Government military appointments which will significantly enhance the command and control
structure.
• Somalia’s reconstruction and development can only be realised when governmental
institutions, the business sector, civil society, women, the Diaspora and the international
community work together in an effective and coherent manner. Recovery activities can make
a greater contribution to social, economic and cultural development in Somalia, through
further investment, continued employment-creation and training. The Conference encourages
focus on the six initial priority areas identified by the Transitional Federal Government and
the business community: telecommunications; transport infrastructure; livestock exports;
fisheries, banking and remittances and; alternative energy. In particular it called for support to
fund the completion of Bossaso and Garowe airports.
• It is critical to have a renewed emphasis on Somalia’s economic recovery and development.
The Conference committed itself to work towards concrete action plans which would include
identifying pilot projects for private-public investment with a view to creating economic
zones.
• The Conference welcomed the discussion among the business community, the United Nations
and development partners and the Transitional Federal Government on the margins of the
Conference regarding the “Principles for an enabling Environment for Responsible Business
Activities in Somalia”. The Conference recognized the need to develop business-friendly
conditions that would benefit the entire population. It looks forward to further consideration
of a business Compact for Somalia.
• The Transitional Federal Government, in partnership with the international community has a
major responsibility to respond to the humanitarian suffering of the Somali people. The
Transitional Federal Government must discharge its responsibilities to assure safe access to
vulnerable populations, deliver basic services, manage public resources wisely and ensure a
just distribution of revenues; introduce anti-corruption measures, develop and support the
private sector; and build the capacity of its financial institutions. The international community
should continue its support to the Somali people. The Conference accepted that the
reconstruction outcome of the Istanbul Conference will complement existing humanitarian
assistance activities and will not prejudice efforts to organize a more comprehensive
development and reconstruction conference at a later stage.
3
2. The Conference:
• Commended the contribution of the African Union Mission to Somalia (AMISOM) to lasting
peace and stability in Somalia and expressed appreciation for the continued commitment of
troops and equipment to AMISOM by the Governments of Burundi and Uganda and
AMISOM Police Contributing Countries- Burundi, Ghana, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Uganda and
Zambia. It condemned any hostilities towards AMISOM and the Transitional Federal
Institutions. The Conference also called on other African countries to provide troops to
AMISOM to reach its mandated strength. It appreciated financial support to AMISOM by the
international community and stressed the need for predictable, reliable and timely provision of
resources to the AU by all partners. In this regard, the Conference called for the expeditious
disbursement of all pledges made at the Brussels Pledging Conference held on 23 April 2009.
• Took note of the important role of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD),
and Somalia’s neighbours in promoting peace, security and development in Somalia and the
region. It re-affirmed the principles of good neighbourly relations and urged Somalia’s
partners to continue to support effort towards this end.
• The conference welcomed the decision of the Summit of the League Arab States held in Sirte
in March 2010, to convene a conference on Boosting early recovery activities for Somalia, ın
the next few months. It expressed its appreciation for the determination of the Arab League to
build on the spirit and results of the Đstanbul Conference, and to prepare its conference in
full cooperation with the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia, the Republic of
Turkey, the African Union, the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), United
Nations and the Organization of Islamic Conference.
• Expressed its grave concern over the increase in acts of piracy and armed robbery at sea
against vessels off the coast of Somalia. Noted with appreciation the assistance being
provided by the United Nations and other international organizations and donors, in
coordination with the Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia (“CGPCS”), to
enhance the capacity of the judicial and the corrections systems in Somalia, Kenya,
Seychelles and other States in the region to prosecute suspected, and imprison convicted,
pirates consistent with applicable international human rights law. In this regard, it welcomed
the establishment of the International Trust Fund supporting initiatives of the Contact Group
on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia to defray the expenses associated with prosecution of
suspected pirates and to support other counter-piracy initiatives and welcomed Member States
and other potential donors to contribute to the fund. Also commended the efforts of other
States to prosecute suspected pirates in their national courts and appealed to other States to
facilitate the prosecution of suspected pirates in their national courts, consistent with
applicable international law, including human rights law. It also expressed appreciation for
the role of the EU operation Atalanta, North Atlantic Treaty Organization operations Allied
Protector and Ocean Shield and Combined Maritime Forces’ Combined Task Force 151, in
the fight against piracy off the Coast of Somalia.
4
3. The Transitional Federal Government reaffirmed:
• Its primary responsibility to provide security to the people of Somalia by increasing the
number of trained Somali recruits, ensuring integration of all security forces , including those
of the Ahlu Sunna Wal Jama’a and improving the control and command structure of the
Somali Forces.
• Its commitment to continue its outreach, dialogue and reconciliation efforts, implementing
concrete collaboration with Ahlu Sunna Wal Jama’a and extending partnerships with regional
and local administrations.
• Its commitment to avoid internal disputes so that they will not hinder the work of the
Transitional Federal Institutions and delivery of services to its people. This also entails
working to strengthen its governance structures, ensure transparency and accountability and
efficient functioning of the Transitional Federal Institutions.
• Its efforts to seek innovative ways to engage with the Somali people to draft the Somali
Federal Constitution. The TFG confirmed that a fully inclusive and consultative process
would be advanced by the third quarter of 2010. It is also crucial for the TFG to take
ownership of the tasks necessary to facilitate the full implementation of the transitional
arrangement;
The Istanbul Conference has reaffirmed the world’s commitment to Somalia and its rejection of all
efforts to sow violence and instability in the country. We send a clear and strong message to the
people of Somalia that they are not alone in the search for peace, reconciliation and prosperity after
so many years of poverty, hardship and suffering. With determined efforts by, the Transitional
Federal Institutions, Somali civil society and the private sector, in partnership with the international
community, a bright future for Somalia is possible.
The Conference took note that the Government of Spain will host the next high-level International
Contact Group Meeting in Madrid in September 2010.
The Conference expressed its deep appreciation to the Government and people of Turkey for hosting
the Istanbul Conference which is a significant contribution to the efforts towards achieving peace,
security and development in Somalia.
22 May 2010, 1300
Concept Note on Day One of the Second Istanbul Conference on Somalia
31 May 2012
Istanbul Congress Centre
Draft as of 17 May 2012
Objective
The overall objective of the first day of the Istanbul Conference, on 31 May 2012 is to bring about a step change in infrastructure investment and an agreement to build the resilience of Somali households, communities and formal and informal institutions in the medium and longer-term. The private sector can play a key part in putting Somalia back on to a development trajectory. Appropriate investment instruments complemented by an appropriate regulatory framework will assist in securing the longer term investments in energy, water supply and roads that are essential for Somalia’s development and long term stability. Agreement on a comprehensive approach to resilience through re-establishing and strengthening livelihoods and basic services and reinforcing social safety nets is critical to Somalia’s recovery from drought and famine. By the end of the first day of the conference, participants will have reached agreement on the need for a sequenced comprehensive multi-year investment plan that is guided by deprivation levels and tailored to the local context.
Day One of the Istanbul Conference will build consensus amongst member states, Somali counterparts and international organisations on how to stimulate pro-poor, resilient, long-term economic development in Somalia. Participants will discuss and agree strategies and programmatic priorities within the following themes: 1) resilience, 2) energy, 3) water and 4) roads. Consensus in the critical linked areas of resilience, energy, water and roads will help stakeholders to adopt coherent and effective approaches to economic development in Somalia. Day One will also agree the priority actions required to improve the investment climate and development environment in Somalia. It will consider the benefits of improving the regulatory environment and the steps towards establishing an investment guarantee fund, intended to foster investment in Somalia.
Organization
Day One will be co-chaired by Turkey, the UN and Somalia
9.30-10.30 – Morning Plenary
The morning plenary will initiate the discussion amongst the participants on which interventions should catalyse and deepen private sector engagement in Somalia. By introducing the participants to the concept of resilience it will also facilitate agreement upon a multi-year joint investment strategy to build resilience.
The plenary will be structured as follows:
- Turkish Deputy Prime Minister to give a Key Note Speech primarily on building resilience across Somali society, including the importance of initially prioritising the needs of the worst off populations. Request the partnership forum on resilience to consider the proposal in the conference paper to agree to a flexible multi-year joint investment strategy to build resilience.
- World Bank speech introducing the concepts from the World Development Report and the importance of long term investment in Somalia. Introduce the proposals for an investment guarantee fund. Request partnership forums to look at options to improve the investment environment, including the possibility of establishing some kind of fund.
- UN to speak on the outcomes of Istanbul I, Dubai and preparatory meetings in Mogadishu and London. Introduce the importance of creating a conducive business environment, of developing a suitable regulatory framework and of linking investment to Somali systems and structures. Request the partnership forum to consider the next steps in dialogue towards creating more stable regulatory environment.
10.30 – 15.30 (with buffet lunch) –Partnership Forums on Energy, Water, Roads, Resilience
Each partnership forum will be co-chaired by the Turkish government, a UN or World Bank representative and a Somali Minister. Partnership forums will be composed of representatives of member states, the Turkish government, Somali government, international and Somali private sector, UN and development banks, civil society and NGOs and other critical partners of Somalia.
The partnership forums will review the conference papers with the objective of endorsing strategies for each respective theme. They will also initiate dialogue on the key programmatic priorities to be achieved per theme. The involvement of civil society will be essential for ensuring that the strategies put forth in the conference papers are in line with the priorities of the Somali people.
The conference papers will set out:
1) Background and context of the theme
2) The proposed approach or strategy for the theme
3) General programmatic priorities
(Please see a summary of key objectives of the conference papers in Annex I)
| The agenda for each of the four Partnership Forums will be structured as follows:
Session 1 (10.30 – 12.30): Review and discussion of the conference papers
- Presentation of the Conference Paper by the UN or World Bank
- Discussion of the strategy for the theme, including the role of civil society and the private sector
- Review of the proposed programmatic priorities
- Discussion on investment guarantees and regulatory priorities
Lunch Break (12.30 – 13.30)
Session 2 (13.30 – 15.30): Agreement on recommendations
- Endorsement of the thematic strategy together with any necessary revisions
- Endorsement of the programmatic priorities and required investment incentives
- Agree recommendations related to regulatory priorities to feed into the afternoon’s plenary session
|
15.30 – 16.30:Preparation of the contributions of the Partnership Forums to the Day One Conclusions and Recommendations (one hour)
16.30 – 17.00: Closing Plenary Session of Day One(30 minutes)
The closing plenary will be chaired by Turkish Deputy Under-Secretary, Birnur Fertekligil. During the closing plenary each of the partnership forums will set forth priorities for regulatory reform, ideas for investment incentives, confirm their agreement on the thematic strategies, including the need to sequence investment and provide recommendations for key deliverables to be included within the communiqué. (Please see possible deliverables for Istanbul II under economic development attached).
During the closing plenary the Co-Chairs of each of the partnership forums will present the “Conclusions”
Annex I: Summary Objectives of the Conference Papers
1) Resilience
Context:
More than other societies, given inadequacies in formal and informal systems for support, Somalis must rely on their own resilience to protect their lives and livelihoods. A new approach is needed to work on building the resilience of Somali households, communities and formal and informal institutions in the medium- and longer-term, including through multi-year engagements.
Draft Outcomes:
- All partners will prioritize building the resilience of at risk Somali populations
- The conference will agree the ‘three building blocks’ of resilience:
- Strengthen productive sectors to increase the resources available for resilience
- Improve the availability and quality of basic services; and
- Develop a safety net system to ensure consistent access to resources by those most in need.
- The conference will agree on the guiding principles for the resilience strategy namely:
- It should be aligned with the existing priorities and build on existing strategies
- It should be supported by a multi-year investment and help align multiple stakeholders
- It should be based on evidence and assessments and supported by monitoring of the resilience of households and communities
- Implementation should be tailored to local context and needs including people’s livelihoods and partners’ capacities
- The conference will endorse the resilience strategy as an appropriate strategy for Somalia.
- The conference will promote networks of partners who will support resilience (amongst Diaspora, UN, NGOs, resource partners, faith communities, etc.)
2) Water
Context:
The Partnership Forum on Water will deliberate and agree on actions regarding the Strategic Framework for the development of the Water Sector in Somalia (2012-2020) to the community of stakeholders concerned with the wellbeing and economic development of the Somali population. With water so much at the core of Somali society and its economy, reconciliation, recovery and economic growth will be impossible without investment in the water sector. A Strategy for the sector can be summarised as investment in systems and people, with systems investment in hardware, software, and regulatory frameworks, and in people in vocational, management, and governance capacity.
Draft Outcomes:
- All participants on behalf of their constituencies commit to a common strategic framework for sector development, and agree to the following guiding principles for the water strategy:
- Sector development guided by the common strategic framework
- Decentralised management and service delivery
- Investment in infrastructure to be accompanied by investment in governance systems and capacity building to ensure sustainability of water supplies
- All participants, under the agreed framework, commit to support proposed investment projects and participate in fundraising and the securing of private sector investment
- All participants on behalf of their constituencies commit to re-instating, maintaining, and actively supporting government-led sector coordination in addition to, but in harmony with, the humanitarian coordination for water and sanitation
- The conference identifies and secures initial agreement to institutional “champions” for sector development in the 4 key areas: urban water supply, rural water supply, water resource management and water governance.
3) Roads
Context:
Fundamental to any internal mobility, the inadequacy of Somalia’s road network constricts access to basic services, humanitarian operations, domestic and international trade - imposing a ceiling on employment-led economic growth. Investment in the road sector provides an indispensable means of accelerating economic development and strengthening livelihoods, resilience and regional stability.
Draft Outcomes:
- An understanding of the priorities and objectives for different stakeholders, governments (inclusive of roads authorities), private sector investors, local contractors, investors and international actors in the development of the roads sector
- Agreement of a way to build upon common principles, instill road design standards and guarantee the oversight to uphold these credentials.
- Agreement on how to develop the road sector against a time-bound strategy of improved implementation, management and governance.
4) Energy
Context:
Somalia’s energy sector has suffered from over two decades of neglect and lack of investment. The resultant huge deficit in universal access to affordable modern sources of energy inhibits the achievement of social indicators and limits sustainable economic growth. The systemic inefficiencies and lack of planned investments in Somalia’s energy sector is reflected in the exorbitantly high tariff of US$ 1.0 per kilowatt hour. This creates gross inequalities with only a small segment of population able to afford grid connectivity. The Partnership Forum on Energy will recommend a set of priority interventions that can improve access to sustainable sources of energy critical for taking the country towards a development trajectory.
Draft Outcomes:
- Participants agree on a set of recommendations to improve access to energy with the objectives of maintaining peace, bringing social equity, creating employment, ensuring affordability, triggering economic growth and building resilience.
- Participants agree to look in the options to diversify the energy mix with the gradual reduction on reliance on the charcoal and firewood. This will include setting the targets for the introduction of alternative sources of energy, including, wind, solar, LPG, biogas, hydro and high efficiency thermal generation and distribution systems.
- A framework of partnerships for the energy sector among: a) Governments in Somalia; b) non-government partners (private sector, CSOs, academia); and, c) development partners (UN, WB, AfDB, EU and bi-laterals) for undertaking priority interventions with clearly defined roles.
30 April 2012 Concept note
Istanbul II Conference on Somalia
31 May-1 June 2012
Objective
- The Government of Turkey will hold an international conference on Somalia (“Istanbul II”) on 31 May-1 June under the theme: “Preparing Somalia’s Future: Goals for 2015”. The conference will provide the international community with a unique opportunity to adopt common positions on the future of Somalia. It will aim to chart immediate concrete actions in the political, security and economic spheres that will enable a smooth end of transition and the establishment of an inclusive and broad-based political dispensation in Somalia after August 2012. The conference will also seek to build consensus on a long-term approach to state-building and economic development, including the evolution of an enabling environment for private investment in the post-transition period.
- The conference will engage a wide range of regional and international actors, as well as the Somali business sector, civil society, women’s groups, diaspora and youth representatives. It will endeavor to include representation from all parts of Somalia in an effort to promote home-grown, Somali-led solutions to the Somali crisis.
Background
- Since the Istanbul I Conference in May 2010, Somalia has made significant progress in the search for peace and stability. On the political front, in numerous occasions, Somali stakeholders and the international community reaffirmed their strong commitment to conclude the transition by August 2012 and establish a new and more representative political dispensation. Such were the cases of the adoption of the Road Map to end the transition, the signing of the Kampala Accord, the, adoption of the recommendations at the Garowe 1and 2 Conferences and the Galkayo constitutional meeting, as well as the London Conference on Somalia.
4. On the security realm, combined efforts of the TFG forces, AMISOM and regional countries have led to the recovery of large areas in Mogadishu and central and southern Somalia, creating real opportunities for stability. The increased support to AMISOM as well as to the strengthening of the TFG forces constitutes a fundamental contribution to building a peaceful, stable and prosperous Somalia. This remains a priority, along with the need to set up new and more representative administrations in the areas that are cleared of Al Shabaab presence, so as to avoid a power vacuum in those areas.
5. A genuine and comprehensive reconciliation amongst Somalis is a fundamental requirement to consolidate progress made in the political and security domains. The different clans, regional and local administrations, the TFG and other relevant actors in Somalia must coalesce around a common vision on how to build a viable Somali state that can deliver sustainable peace and stability in the country.
6. Now is the time to address both the immediate and multifaceted challenges that confront Somalia, including in the humanitarian field, and to conceptualize and plan for the implementation of long-term solutions. The end of the transition and the new political dispensation should bring new economic opportunities, enabling Somalis to start building durable peace and stability. The TFG and other Somali stakeholders must now begin to create the conditions for social and economic development that can underpin a prosperous future and put an end to the cycle of famine and aid dependence. We should also aim for tangible progress by 2015 towards the Millennium Development Goals.
7. International partners can help for example by investing in initiatives that will help kick-start economic development in Somalia in relation to access to energy, drinkable water, and the repair of roads; by building the capacity of Government institutions to establish the “rules of the game”, i.e., to design and manage a regulatory framework; and by supporting communities to build resilience to recurrent humanitarian crises. Civil society and local administrations can contribute to this exercise by helping define the priorities in their respective regions. Effective partnerships between public and private actors, as well a participatory approach to economic and social development can in turn contribute to social cohesion and stability.
8. In short, the end of the current transition represents Somalia’s best opportunity in two decades for peace and stability. Somali stakeholders and their international partners must therefore redouble their efforts to support the implementation of the Road Map to end the transition, address the immediate needs for stabilization and recovery, and formulate a common vision for the long-term future of the country.
Organization
9. The first day of the conference will entail four sector-based Partnership Forums on economic issues, namely, energy, water, roads, and “resilience”
[1]. The Forums will involve representatives of the TFG, the UN, donors, Somali and international private sector, civil society, women’s groups, youth and the diaspora.
10. The second day of the Conference will be a high-level plenary meeting co-chaired by the Prime Minister of Turkey, Mr. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and United Nations Secretary-General Mr. Ban Ki-Moon. It will cover an agenda including political, security, and economic development issues. The meeting will feature opening remarks and statements by Heads of delegations and will conclude with the adoption of an agreed communiqué.
Preparation
11. Turkey, UNPOS and the United Nations Country Team for Somalia, in partnership with relevant TFG Ministries and the World Bank, will prepare the Partnership Forums in consultation with other relevant actors, including Somali civil society and private sector representatives as well as regional and international development actors such as the African Development Bank, the Islamic Development Bank, the International Labour Organisation. They will jointly develop specific agenda, list of participants and review projects to be submitted to Istanbul II.
12. Participants will be determined based on the list of invitees for the Istanbul I Conference held in (May 2010. Somaliland, Puntland, Galmudug and ASWJ will be invited along with TFG Directors-General, private sector actors and diaspora representatives.
13. Overall coordination will be ensured jointly by Turkey and United Nations Headquarters. Preparatory meetings will be held as needed, on dates to be determined jointly by Turkey and the United Nations Headquarters, to develop concrete deliverables on the political, security and recovery tracks and prepare the Conference Communiqué.
Partnership Forum on Water
Preparing Somalia’s Future: Goals for 2015
Second Istanbul Conference, Turkey
Partnership Forum on 31st May 2012
10.30 am to 03.00 pm
Conference Paper on Water
CONFERENCE PAPER FOR THE PARTNERSHIP FORUM ON WATER
31st May 2012, 10.30 to 15.00
Objective:
The Partnership Forum on Water will deliberate and agree on actions regarding the Strategic Framework for the development of water resources, services and governance in Somalia (2012-2020) to the community of stakeholders concerned with the wellbeing and economic development of the Somali population.
Outcomes and Deliverables:
- ·All participants on behalf of their constituencies commit to a common strategic framework for sector development, including principles of decentralized management and service delivery and private sector involvement, and undertake to align their available funding, investments, and implementation plans with the agreed upon sector ventures within this strategic framework
- ·All participants, under the agreed framework, commit to support proposed investment projects and participate in fundraising and the securing of private sector investment
- ·All participants on behalf of their constituencies commit to re-instating, maintaining, and actively supporting government-led sector coordination in addition to, but in harmony with, the humanitarian coordination for water and sanitation
- ·The group identifies and secures initial agreement to institutional “champions” for sector development in the 4 key areas of urban water supply, rural water supply, water resources management, and water governance.
| Time | Session |
| 10.30-11.00 | Introductory Speeches – Current Status of Water Sector in Somalia |
| 11.00-11.30 | Presentation of the strategic framework for water sector development,Plenary Discussion |
| 11.30-13.30
| Plenary: Discussion/endorsement of goalsü Water Resources Managementü Rural Water Supply
ü Urban Water supply
ü Water Governance
|
| 13.30-14.00 | Lunch Break |
| 14.00-15.00 | Plenary: Discussion/endorsement ofü Principles for sector development – de-centralised service delivery, investment in governance and private sector involvementü ‘Champions’ for sector development |
| 15.00 | Adjourn |
BACKGROUND PAPER ON WATER
31st May 2012
- 1. Introduction
Nearly four out of every five Somalis in 2006 had no access to improved water sources. In rural areas, an inadequate network of pastoral water structures that supply both domestic and livestock water remains the major cause of conflict between pastoralists and settled communities. Recurring droughts, a common natural feature of semi-arid countries, combine with internal displacement and a deteriorated network of water points to compound poor access, forcing supply needs often to be met through emergency operations, such as water trucking. In urban areas, buying water from a small commercial vendor costs up to ten times more than water piped directly into a home by an urban water utility. Even where a connection provides good access to decent quality water, households spend 10% of their annual budget on drinking water alone. Due to such barriers to access, there is competition for water that has developed into conflicts at household and clan level. In addition, the basic water needs of a large proportion of Somalis are met from water sources that are unprotected and often contaminated with microorganisms. Rural water supply sources are practically uncontrolled.
At the same time, since the collapse of the central government in 1991, local private sector initiatives have made significant progress in improving water systems in town and in some rural areas. This entrepreneurship is a driving force in water system development locally, despite on-going conflict and the constraints of post-conflict reconstruction. There is therefore clearly both a need and a case for investing in water infrastructure in Somalia. Outside investment can capitalise on the capacity of the local private sector and widely established localised management models
[2].
- 2. Background
Water Resources and Water Resource Management
1. Somalia is classified as a chronically water scarce country. Over 90% of the arid and semi-arid land areas have extremely limited access to water resources. There are two main sources of water in Somalia: Surface water, in rivers, springs and as rain, and ground water, in aquifers of various depths. The two rivers, Juba and Shabelle, are in the south of the country and both originate in the Ethiopian Highlands from where they draw the bulk of their water. Rainfall is scarce and unless retained in dams, the majority of rainwater runs off into the sea or evaporates. Despite this scarcity, rainwater is the main other source of fresh water besides groundwater in Northern Somalia. The aquifers in Somalia are a combination of shallow aquifers in the riverine areas that are recharged from surface water, and aquifers of often considerable depth elsewhere. Apart from the riverine areas, recharge of aquifers is relatively small, and a large proportion of groundwater draws from connected aquifer formations in neighbouring Kenya and Ethiopia.
2. Groundwater quality in Somalia is relatively poor, due to high levels of salinity. One of the major causes of this elevated mineral content is that the water is or has been in contact with easily dissolvable minerals. In addition, groundwater recharge is inadequate and confined to limited source areas; many aquifers receive no recharge at all and consist of old, highly mineralized fossil water. The river water is also generally of poor quality and carries a high salt content in the dry season. As a large proportion of Somalia’s water resources originate in neighbouring countries, entering into trans-boundary agreements is imperative for long-term water resource management.
3. Internally, there is competing demand for these limited water resources. The land has to sustain pastoralist, agricultural, and urban livelihoods. Consequently, the population has two main types of water needs: stationary supplies for rural and urban settled communities; and water points for the migratory patterns of livestock herders. As the population grows, the different groups increasingly encroach on each other’s use of water. Environmental conditions worsen the negative effects of this interaction; Somalia is regularly affected by prolonged periods of drought.
The Rural Water Sector in Somalia
4. The majority of Somalis live in rural areas; they are pastoralists and semi-sedentary agro-pastoralists with some permanent village dwellers. Water needs are met by rivers (seasonal and permanent), springs, rainwater harvesting facilities (surface reservoirs or “balleys” and cement lined tanks or “berkeds”) shallow wells and deep boreholes. The network of pastoral water supply structures is highly inadequate and leads to environmental degradation through overgrazing around existing water points.
5. Water shortages are usually experienced during the long dry season (Jilaal) when the population can only rely on the two permanent rivers (the Juba and Shabelle) and ground water supplies (permanent springs, boreholes, permanent wells). Drought and internal displacement severely constrain access to water, with supply needs often met through costly water trucking to water storage facilities in permanent settlements or directly to grazing areas.
6. All water away from the big cities is communally or privately owned and supplied. Water is either (privately) transported to users from a city’s supply, is collected in cement catchments (berkeds) by private entrepreneurs, or is sourced from communal or private wells and boreholes. An active private sector system for water delivery to communal or individual berkeds is well established.
The Urban Water Sector in Somalia
7. Rapid urban growth, accelerated by internal displacement causes a steadily growing demand on water services in larger towns and cities. Private businesses have taken over some of the urban water utilities. Where regulated, water for the poor is often free or subsidized, but where they rely on small-scale water vendors poor people can pay as much as five times more for water than those who can access a piped system. In cities affected by the protracted conflict in the South no functional utilities of any significant size exist, and water is mostly provided in small neighbourhood networks or through private vendors with water carts.
8. In a number of towns and cities, Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) arrangements have mostly rectified these deficiencies and a number of larger settlements now have substantial coverage from piped networks with affordable public access points for the poor. This decentralized management of utilities points to a sustainable solution to urban water development in Somalia.
Water Governance in Somalia
9. Even at the time of the collapse of the Somali State in 1991, there was no effective legislation in Somalia governing the development, access, allocation and use of the country’s water resources. Formally, the law provided that water was public property, but allowed appropriation and usage according to the stipulations of administrative permits. A series of Laws
[3] (Law No. 28, 29, 16; Decree Law No. 1 of 1966) governed water resources conservation.
10. In most rural communities, the establishment of such formal legislation did not have much impact; instead, traditional law (Xeer) and the Islamic Sharia law are upheld and commonly applied. According to these traditional rules, the right to use surface water (either for domestic use or irrigation) would depend only on the ownership or the right to access land along the river (or other surface water body) where the water is drawn from. Similarly, the right to access underground water is associated with the rights over the land on which the groundwater source has been established. At present, these customary practices are still commonly applied in rural Somalia. Consequently, access to water in Somalia is inevitably connected to land rights and tenure.
11. To regulate the use of water resources, the Government of Somalia drafted a National Water Resources Law in 1984. The draft law, which was never formally endorsed by Parliament, comprehensively addressed the issue of water rights. Remaining issues were addressed in the new draft Water Law of 1990. The enactment and implementation of this new Law was not complete when the old government collapsed in 1991. After 2004, international support was given to both Somaliland and Puntland to draft and enter into force Water Acts for their respective territories. These drew on both established and traditional law and custom and have re-instated crucial government oversight over a scarce resource in these legislations. At this time there are no recorded agreements between Somalia, Kenya, and Ethiopia that govern the shared catchment area for Somalia’s water.
Water Service delivery in Somalia
12. In the pre-1991 Government setup, levels of centralised control were very high, and community participation in management, operations, and maintenance of local infrastructure was generally very low. The gap was so large that people and communities were completely disconnected from government operations. Local water infrastructure was planned, implemented, operated and managed by the central authorities and their appointed agents.
13. After prolonged conflict, communities started to take over local water operations, maintenance and management functions. In many cases, the takeover was after substantial damage had been done to systems, and they were either irreparable or repair was beyond the financial and technical reach of the local communities. Elsewhere, previously advanced water distribution systems were turned into rudimentary supply schemes, with people operating the dilapidated infrastructure to their best ability.
14. Since the collapse of Central Government, water sector service provision has been largely in the hands of communities and the private sector. This is in direct contrast to the situation in many African and developing countries where, historically, the water sector has been dominated by National and Local Government departments. This provides a positive opportunity for Somalia since vested interests that may hinder private sector participation in the water sector do not have to be overcome. The results of this legacy are notable in the success of urban public-private partnerships in water. At this point, more than 10 PPP arrangements manage urban water systems well and provide water of reasonable quality at acceptable prices to all parts of urban society.
15. Private operators also exist in rural areas, but the scale is much smaller, while cost recovery and profitmaking is more difficult (against investment costs that could be of a similar order as for urban schemes). For this reason, rural water supply remains mostly under community-based management. A pilot project to extend PPP services from urban centres to surrounding rural settlements is on-going and its feasibility has yet to be established.
16. Community management has its own challenges. At the local level, several types of Water Users Associations (WUAs) are currently involved in the management and operations of rural water supply and irrigation systems. Most of these existing WUAs have been formed by communities or groups of water users, for the purpose of cooperative management, operation and maintenance of water supply infrastructure. In addition, they play an important role in conflict resolution, mediation, user agreements and allocations at the local level, awareness creation, and community mobilisation (e.g. for self-help maintenance works). They do, however, suffer from poor capitalisation, limited technical skills, and skill migration to urban centres. As a consequence, the majority of mechanised rural water systems need repeated outside investment by donors to maintain their functionality.
17. Overall, the water sector is severely constrained by the lack of skilled professionals. The protracted conflict in the country has created a ‘skill gap’ that significantly limits the capacity of the Somali people to actively participate in reconstruction and rebuilding.
- 3. Vision / Strategy for Investment in the Water Sector
18. Based on collective experience of all water actors in Somalia, a feasible strategy for sustainable investment in the sector must cover four major thematic areas. Firstly, the sustainable and integrated management of water resources must be governed by enforceable law and include constructive engagement with neighbouring countries that host the majority of catchment areas for Somalia’s water. This should extend to environmental management, catchment protection, conservation of water resources, enforcement of water quality and safety standards, and social aspects of water resource management.
19. Secondly, the investment in rural water services, where pastoralists and agro-pastoralists compete with settled communities over a scarce resource must diversify in technology and support functional decentralised management models that are appropriate for context and environment, including but not restricted to partnerships with private sector operators under government regulation (Public-Private Partnership, PPP).
20. Thirdly, investment in urban water systems must build on functional and/or demonstrated service delivery models (which include varieties of PPPs) and equally promote context-specific decentralised solutions for better service delivery to all groups, including the urban poor.
21. Fourthly, government at state level must be supported to enforce (where they exist) or establish sound water policies and water legislation that govern extraction rights, access rights, water conservation, water quality, sustainable service delivery including cost recovery mechanisms and water tariff guidelines, equitable access and pro-poor water supply mechanisms (including cross-subsidies) and sound sector management and coordination, amongst other topics. At the national level, government should enact equally sound legislation to ensure integrated water resource management across the country and in close constructive cooperation with its neighbours. Local and regional government should become partners in business-driven vocational training centres and technical training institutes where existing and future staff of water utilities in both rural and urban areas can obtain the required skills for operations, maintenance, management and planning of water services.
22. A Strategy for the sector could therefore be summarised as investment in systems and people, with systems investment in hardware, software, and regulatory frameworks, and in people in vocational, management, and governance capacity. It should follow three core principles:
- Management and service delivery are decentralised to the extent possible
- Investment in any infrastructure must include investment in management, operation and maintenance capacity that is sustainable, and in balance between public needs, government regulation, and private sector interests
- All development in the sector must take place under a common strategic framework that is enacted through government-led sector coordination and within a multi-threat risk management framework.
The strategy should focus on 4 key sub-sectors:
- Water Resource Management
- Rural Water Sector
- Urban Water Sector
- Water Governance
The following section defines goals for each sub-sector and describes an overall assessment of investment priorities in the sub-sector.
- 4. Goals and Priority areas for investment in the water sector in Somalia
Sub-Sector 1 – Water Resource Management
Goal 1: Building on existing water resource management policies, establish a clear framework of national and regional responsibilities for managing water resources in all of Somalia, including groundwater abstraction rights, flood management, and agricultural use of water
Goal 2: Strengthen government capacity at national and regional level to oversee sustainable water resource management in Somalia
Goal 3: Support trans-boundary agreements with Ethiopia and Kenya on river usage and management of catchment areas
Goal 4: Building on existing water quality studies, establish Somali water quality standards, and build capacity to enforce them at all levels
The needs in water resource management in Somalia are vast. With two large riverine areas where agricultural communities require access to irrigation water and a sound environmental framework on agricultural use, and the large areas of central and northern Somalia where groundwater abstraction must be managed sustainably, and surface water management must include flood management, the requirements for an IWRM framework are complex. Different development approaches are needed for the three main ecological zones in Somalia; e.g. shallow wells and modern extraction technology in coastal and riverine areas, Hafir dams augmenting groundwater on the plateaus, and surface water catchments and sub-surface dams complementing boreholes and springs in the highlands.
Before and since 1991 numerous studies and consultations were implemented in IWRM. A comprehensive “Somalia Water and Land Information Management” System (SWALIM) exists that hosts data on water resources in the country. Based on this existing work, support to an comprehensive IWRM system in Somalia must start with establishing all existing information, followed by completing the mapping of all ground and surface water sources, including hydrogeological surveys where necessary. This must also include mapping of agricultural uses, pastoral uses (including range management issues of grazing areas and dry / wet season water sources), water quality issues, and means of water extraction. With water catchment areas mostly outside of Somalia, trans-boundary issues must be analysed and mapped as well.
Rainwater harvesting in all varieties needs to be included prominently. This will contribute to sustainable surface water management, but also flood prevention, and support investment in crucial rainwater harvesting approaches especially in urban centres but also for rural communities that are affected by and could benefit from seasonal flooding in dry areas.
The extraction of groundwater since 1991 was mostly un-regulated and has led to excessive drilling of boreholes in often-unsuitable locations, which has also caused dependencies and environmental degradation. The safe and sustainable extraction of groundwater must be addressed as a priority in an IWRM framework, and the number of operational boreholes regulated to a sustainable and strategic level. Other water source development, especially more efficient use of surface- and rainwater and optimising use of natural springs should consistently be explored to augment and complement groundwater extraction.
For this and reasons of overall sustainability communities must be involved in the shaping of an IWRM framework as well as in its implementation. The specific needs of Somali pastoralists, and their inevitable conflict over sharing scarce water resources with communities and agricultural use, has to be prominently dealt with in an IWRM structure.
Finally, existing ground water quality studies must be completed and complemented with a comprehensive assessment of surface water quality and feed into an overall water quality / water safety framework for Somalia that sets clear drinking water standards (working towards achieving WHO Guidelines) and standards for other types of water usage. Any framework must take into account specific known groundwater quality issues such as overall salinity and fluoride content in some areas.
Sub-Sector 2 – Rural Water Sector
Goal 1: Building on evidence on performance of current traditional and new management practices support viable rural water management options that are context-sensitive and support the mediation of conflict between different user groups in rural areas under solid government oversight
Goal 2: Support the investment in small- to medium scale surface water retention structures such as dams, sub-surface dams, spring catchments and rainwater harvesting systems to augment the use of groundwater in rural areas
Goal 3: Support the exploration of and investment in alternative extraction technology such as solar- and wind-powered pumps
Investment needs in the rural sector to an extent re-iterate the needs in IWRM. The eternal dilemma between water for human consumption and water for livestock as a key determinant of Somali livelihoods is a priority for investment in any rural water system of any size. This issue, which is at the core of rural water management in Somalia, reaches into water availability, and is fuelled by the scarcity of water in many places. The augmentation and complementation of groundwater sources with current technologies in surface water retention and rainwater harvesting is therefore crucial for a long-term sustainable perspective for the rural water sector in Somalia.
Over and above sound planning and investment, which must be done with constant community involvement, the engagement with communities is essential (as already referred to in the IWRM section) for preventing conflicts over rural water sources.
Rural water management in Somalia is also a key factor in stemming environmental degradation. In pastoral areas livestock in the dry season must graze where there is water, which often leads to overgrazing, erosion, and substantial soil degradation in these areas. Also, the scope and strength of flash flooding in dry parts of the country has contributed substantially to surface erosion and loss of fertile topsoil into the sea. Investment in strategic watering points, overall rangeland management, and the management of surface water run-off therefore will contribute significantly to safeguarding the Somali environment. Despite the often small scale of rural water developments, the consistent use of Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) or modified / simplified varieties should be part of sub-sector development.
The use of wind- and solar power for extraction or distribution of water has been tried in Somalia and is particularly viable in the North where both wind and solar energy are usually abundant. Similarly, successful projects in spring catchments and gravity feeds should be explored further and expanded as appropriate.
The diversity of the rural water sector makes a water system monitoring structure crucial to maintaining an understanding and oversight over water use and extraction in rural areas. SWALIM is an excellent basis for such a system, and investments in infrastructure and management for rural water systems should be accompanied by investing in a monitoring and information management system within and beyond SWALIM. This will also significantly contribute to drought prevention and early warning systems.
The use of water for agricultural purposes must be addressed specifically in rural areas. The riverine communities, while confined to a small part of the country, are crucial to domestic food production. In addition, they host the largest proportions of assimilated IDPs, a fact not fully reflected in current thinking about humanitarian vulnerability in Somalia. Water from the rivers is available to some degree throughout the year. In exceptionally dry years channels are dug to access sub-surface water. Quality, not quantity is therefore the main concern of these communities, and successful use of infiltration galleries and wind- or solar powered extraction from riverine shallow wells can serve as examples for more widespread implementation. The environmental dynamics in the riverine areas are complex, relate to farming practices and crop management, and directly affect availability, quality, and wider environmental issues.
Sub-Sector 3 – Urban Water Supply
Goal 1: Building on evidence on performance of current public, private, and mixed management models, support viable urban water management options that are context-sensitive, support a pro-poor service delivery, and operate transparently under solid government oversight
Goal 2: Support the investment by private or public sector in expansion of urban systems into all residential areas, including informal and poor settlement areas
Steady urbanisation is putting both water resources and water delivery systems in urban areas under considerable strain. The investment needs in water in Somalia’s cities are therefore in water source development and consolidation of sustainable use, in distribution networks, and in service delivery models that safeguard the water resources while serving all urban residents to an acceptable standard of quality and quantity.
With the bulk of urban water coming from groundwater resources cities are especially crucial in the IWRM framework and regulations must ensure that water utilities in urban centres in Somalia do not over-extract from limited groundwater resources. While further exploration of new sources, even at a distance for large cities, should cautiously be explored, an early adoption of strict building standards that prescribe rooftop rainwater harvesting and service models that encourage water conservation (e.g. block tariffs) when investing in the sector are crucial to maintaining water supplies to Somali cities.
Water quality is an equally prominent topic in urban areas, where population density intensifies problems of hygiene and sanitation, and cross-contamination from sanitation systems into water distribution systems is more likely. Water quality standards, as referred to earlier in this paper, must therefore specifically address the needs of urban populations. In the short term, the abundant use of shallow wells and informal water vendors will have to continue, but must receive more attention in terms of water quality and risks to public health. Municipal rules on well / water cart chlorination are an example for a suitable approach.
Construction standards for urban systems must be strengthened and enforced for the building and expansion of urban water systems. Starting with safeguarding systems against water contamination, and extending to issues of system performance at peak times, dimensioning of distribution and trunk lines, and positioning of storage tanks, materials used, etc. there is a wide range of quality issues in urban water systems that need to be addressed to ensure continuous service delivery.
Improved urban water supplies inevitably generate wastewater. While this is not per sea water sector issue, water system construction and expansion must take into account the consequences of wastewater resulting form increased access. Wastewater will in urban areas rapidly become a public health problem if wastewater drainage and sewage systems are not addressed early on alongside water system development. In Mogadishu this is of the highest priority.
The management of urban water services, just like in rural areas, requires strengthening and a better regulatory framework. Investment should capitalise on the successes of Public-Partnerships in a number of Somali cities, both on the service delivery and the regulation side. While the diversity of management models is to an extent driven by context, a regulatory framework also needs to define what management models (e.g. municipal water agencies, PPPs) are appropriate in urban areas to ensure pro-poor service delivery to all residents.
Finally, the management of urban water systems must closely fit into an IWRM framework that acknowledges the drain urban centres have on surrounding water tables and the consequent effect on nearby rural communities.
Sub-Sector 4 – Water Governance, Service Delivery, Sector Planning and Management
Goal 1: Building on existing water policies / water acts, support the establishment of a national water policy / water act that interacts well with established legislation and supports a decentralised approach to water governance
Goal 2: Invest in operational and institutional capacity and financial viability through viable fees and levies in regulatory authorities at all levels of government
Goal 3: Based on evidence of performance of all currently existing service delivery models and learning from similar situations elsewhere, establish as part of water sector legislation a clear framework of acceptable and viable decentralised service delivery options with strong legal definitions and clear conditions of performance and sustainability
Goal 4: Support the building of vocational and other relevant skills in close cooperation with the national and international private sector to ensure growth in service delivery maintains quality and results in increased employment for Somalis in the sector
Goal 5: As part of water sector legislation support the establishment of clear responsibilities for central and decentralised planning of water sector expansion and of roles and responsibilities of outside actors, including the aid community and the international private sector
Like IWRM, Water Governance is an overarching topic to be addressed when investing in the water sector in Somalia, and it is of matching complexity and importance. The current legal framework is dominated by an incomplete collection of old and new, national and sub-national policy documents and laws, without a coherent legislative framework for the sector. However, the existing documents are a starting point, and the priority investment in water governance should clearly map and then address the gaps between water policies, water acts, and water standards that exist in the different jurisdiction in Somalia.
In the process a careful and inclusive definition of the role of government, and the role of service providers in relation to users and other stakeholders is essential. A comprehensive water governance framework must also define the roles of all actors at all levels, and in particular lay out clearly where service delivery takes place and what responsibilities can be devolved to what level. An overall drive for decentralisation of services would be appropriate in line with the positive experience of decentralised service reforms in other countries. Decentralisation does not necessarily imply an over-reliance on the private sector, in certain contexts public service delivery may still be the most appropriate model. However, the success of PPPs in Somalia is a strong indication of the viability of this model in this society.
Service delivery in Somalia, in particular in rural areas, must involve communities to ensure an inclusive concept that takes into account the traditional approach to water and land rights that remain the main determinants in water management up to this day. In many places management by communities may continue to be the best option. This could include giving communities access to new micro-finance tools to build or upgrade their own water supply without outside involvement.
Water regulations will have to address a multitude of issues, and at different levels of authority as appropriate. Key examples are the establishment and enforcement of construction standards, water quality standards, minimum service delivery standards, water and land access for all users, water extraction limitations and monitoring of extraction volumes, licensing of operators, including informal water vendors, and the monitoring of water supply systems and their functionality, amongst many others.
The history of private sector engagement in service delivery, and the subsequent successes in encouraging PPPs in the water sector has made this management model a prime investment option in water service delivery. However, so far success is only demonstrated with urban utilities, a project expanding urban PPPs to rural areas is still underway. Nevertheless, key lessons that were learned in urban PPPs should be taken into consideration in future investment. Examples are to improve current lease contracts, introduce concessions (such as build-operate/own-transfer) with private sector investment, strengthening public oversight, opening tariff setting for user participation, strengthening pro-poor and pro-environment water tariffs etc. This requires work both on legal frameworks and the agreements between water utilities and the government, but also substantial capacity building both in government and municipal departments as well as in water utilities and interested private sector firms. Notable initiatives of preparing local private sector actors for PPPs (through chambers of commerce) should be expanded and refined.
The lack of vocational and technical skills is impeding development in the sector. Vocational training centres and technical training institutes, depending on the skill types and levels required, are attractive investments for the private sector, where government could be supportive in terms of standardising vocational qualifications and curricula. The commercial benefit for the private sector would be immense. The skill gap, however, goes further and a comprehensive capacity building needs assessment should be carried out for all stakeholders, followed by significant investment to build the relevant capacity, but in particular of those involved in oversight, quality control, and management of water service delivery.
Finally, while international actors continue to be part of water sector development, government-led coordination is crucial for a more harmonized support by the international community. The history of interference of humanitarian actors with development approaches has damaged long-term investment in management models and sustainability approaches, and is detrimental to the sector. Therefore, government must be empowered and supported to lead sector coordination that works alongside and in harmony with, but separate from the currently solely existing humanitarian cluster system. Humanitarian actors must better practise a do no harm approach and avoid interference with development approaches in the sector during humanitarian response.
Annex 1 – Private Sector Participation in the Water Sector in Somalia
The following gives a brief overview of private sector participation in water in Somalia. The role of the national and the international private sector can be in service provision, investment, and in trade in a variety of modalities. This paper summarises examples of viable involvement of both the national and the international private sector in water in Somalia.
- Service Provision
- Water resource assessment and investigation: Firms specialised in hydrogeological exploration can bid for contracts in ground water mapping and ground water exploration
- System design and development: Engineering and Construction firms can bid for contracts in drilling of wells and the design and implementation of water distribution systems
- Operations: Established water utilities, specifically formed companies / consortia or other management firms can bid for lease agreements to operate established water systems in public-private partnerships
- Technical services: Engineering firms to provide specific services for water operators and water authorities under e.g. framework contracts
- Investment
- Established water utilities, specifically formed companies / consortia or other management firms can bid for concessions e.g. to build, operate, own and transfer (BOOT) water systems by putting up an agreed value of investment in a Public-private partnership
- Established institutions, specifically formed entities or other suitable companies can bid for the set-up and operation of vocational training centres for water-related skill sets, either as a private or public-private partnership operation that provides skill training for water system operators
- Trade & Manufacturing
- Established traders or specialised suppliers to set-up dedicated supply lines for spare parts, construction materials, pumping equipment, pipes and fittings, water storage systems, and the associated chemicals and hygiene items
- Established traders or specialised suppliers to engage with humanitarian actors to substitute traditional goods distribution by agencies with subsidised products made available in locally accessible shops at agreed prices for populations in need
- Opportunities to link potential Somali manufacturing industries (eg pipes, cement etc) with international companies to provide training and improve quality
Annex 2 – References
The following are a selection of key references supporting the Background Paper and the Conference Paper on Water. The list is not meant to be exhaustive, but points to the wealth of documentation that already exists on water in Somalia.
Water Resources and Water Resource Management
1. SWALIM (2007): Water Resources of Somalia. Water Reports Series
http://www.faoswalim.org/Water%20Reports%20Series
2. Faillace, C. & Faillace, E. (1987): Water Quality Data Book of Somalia. GTZ, Eschborn
3. SWALIM (2008): Water Sources Inventory for Northern Somalia. Water Reports Series
http://www.faoswalim.org/Water%20Reports%20Series
3. SWALIM (2008): Water Sources Inventory for Central – South Somalia. Water Reports Series
http://www.faoswalim.org/Water%20Reports%20Series
4. SWALIM (2007): Potential of Rainwater Harvesting in Somalia: A Planning, Design, Implementation and Monitoring Framework. Water Reports Series
http://www.faoswalim.org/Water%20Reports%20Series
5. Faillace, C (1998): Brief Note on the occurence of High Fluoride Content in Groundwater of Somalia. Geologica Romana, 34:51-57
http://tetide.geo.uniroma1.it/dst/grafica_nuova/pubblicazioni_DST/geologica_romana/Volumi/VOL%2034/GR_34_51_57_Faillace.pdf
Rural Water
United Nations / World Bank (2008): Somali Joint Needs Assessment – Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Sector Document
http://www.somali-jna.org/index.cfm?Module=ActiveWeb&Page=WebPage&s=documentation
SWALIM (2007): Status of Medium to Large Irrigation Schemes in Southern Somalia. Water Reports Series
http://www.faoswalim.org/Water%20Reports%20Series
Urban Water
European Commission / Hydroconseil (2002): Study on the Commercialisation of Urban Water in Somalia, Nairobi
http://www.docstoc.com/docs/2375779/Study-on-the-Commercialisation-of-Urban-Water-Distribution-and
P.G.Nembrini (1998): Water Quality Study Mogadishu and Kismayo. ICRC, Geneva
http://vince.mec.ac.ke/publications/mogadishu-kismayo-somalia/
World Bank (1985): Somalia – Mogadishu Water Supply Project
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/1985/06/741918/somalia-mogadishu-water-supply-project
World Bank (1990): Somalia – Second Mogadishu Water Supply Project
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/1990/06/738152/somalia-second-mogadishu-water-supply-project
Water Governance
Somaliland National Water Policy (2004)
Puntland Water Policy (2007)
UNICEF & Panafcon (2009): Water Policy Framework South Central Somalia
Available on request from UNICEF Somalia
Somalia Aid Coordination Body (2003): Final Report – Workshop to Review and Develop the Strategic Framework for Co-ordinated Approaches to the Promotion of Water, Environmental Sanitation and Infrastructure Development in Somalia
Available on request from UNICEF Somalia
European Commission (2004): Support to Employment Promotion in Somalia
www.somali-jna.org/downloads/pett%20final%20rpt.pdf
Nenova, Tatjana (2004): Private sector response to the absence of
government institutions in Somalia. World Bank, Washington
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOMALIAEXTN/Resources/Nenova-Somalia-PrivateSector.pdf
Partnership Forum on Resilience
Preparing Somalia’s Future: Goals for 2015
Second Istanbul Conference, Turkey
Partnership Forum on 31st May 2012
10.30 am to 03.00 pm
Conference Paper on Resilience
CONFERENCE PAPER FOR THE PARTNERSHIP FORUM ON RESILIENCE
31st May 2012, 10.30 to 15.00
Objective:
The Partnership Forum on Resilience will review and discuss the rationale and building blocks for a multi-year, multi-stakeholder Strategy for Enhancing Resilience in Somalia
Outcomes and Deliverables:
- To endorse the need to prioritize investment in resilience to assist at risk Somali populations
- To agree on the ‘three building blocks’ of resilience, namely:
- Strengthen productive sectors for vulnerable working populations;
- Improve availability, access, quality, responsiveness and reliability of basic services to protect and strengthen the human and productive capital bases of vulnerable households;
- Promote predictable safety nets for a minimum of social protection;
- To agree on the Guiding Principles for the proposed Resilience Strategy, i.e.:
- Alignment with priorities detailed in national and regional strategies
- Based on multi-stakeholder coalitions, supported by multi-year engagements
- Implementation based on assessment and monitoring of capacities, vulnerabilities and related resilience of households and communities
- Implementation tailored geographically, to specific livelihoods, community preferences, institutional contexts and coalition partners’ capacities
- To promote coalitions of facilitators of resiliency (amongst private sector, Diaspora, resource partners, faith communities, community organizations, international agencies and organizations, etc.)
| Time | Session |
| 10.30-11.30 | Presentation of the Resilience StrategyPlenary Discussion |
| 11.30-13.00
| Plenary: Discussion and agreement in principle ofü Centrality of enhancing and protecting resilience in humanitarian, development and investment initiativesü Appropriateness/adequacy of proposed three “building blocks” |
| 13.00-15.00 | Plenary: Discussion and recognition ofü Guiding principlesü Identification of coalitions/partnerships of facilitators of resilience |
| 15.00 | Adjourn |
Background and context
Resilience is the ability to anticipate, resist, absorb and recover in a timely and efficient manner from external pressures and shocks in ways that preserve integrity and do not deepen vulnerability. This includes the ability to withstand threats and theability to adapt if needed to new options in the face of shocks and crises. The people of Somalia are remarkably resilient, especially given the multiple and protracted challenges that have marked Somalia over time but this varies by gender, age and livelihood group. This resilience is grounded in determination, entrepreneurialism, mobility and communities of solidarity and generosity. More than other societies, given inadequacies in public and private, formal and informal systems that provide support, Somalis must rely principally on their own resilience to protect their lives and livelihoods.
Local resiliency has its limits, especially given sustained and myriad threats often generated by factors well beyond the control of individuals or communities. One Minister neatly summarizes these threats as “war, weather and weak governance/economy”. As witnessed in the famine of 2011, some shocks overwhelm the resiliency of the poorest or marginalised, leading to destitution, displacement, hunger, illness, death and the breakdown of families and communities. These intolerable outcomes call for a paradigm shift in support of the resiliency of the poor or marginalised; current engagements and assistance modalities are important but simply inadequate. The delayed response to the warnings of crisis issued from 2010 starkly demonstrated the limits of the international humanitarian community as well as the extent of inadequate efforts to build resilience in the years prior to the famine.
Proposed Resiliency Strategy and General Programmatic Priorities
The strategy calls for fundamental changes so that humanitarian, development and investment stakeholders become more relevant and meaningful facilitators of resilience with the people of Somalia. It is focused on building capacities and contingencies, with households and communities, to enable them to withstand shocks and broaden their abilities to adapt to changing conditions. This includes a greater emphasis on the reduction and management of shocks (rather than singular reliance on crisis response) and enhanced investments in building productive, human, social, natural and financial resources within households and communities, recognizing the different roles, capacities and needs of women and men, girls and boys.
Restored and enhanced resilience can be achieved through multi-year initiatives designed to protect and strengthen livelihood asset bases, improve access to public, private and communal assets and services, creating new economic opportunities through livelihood diversification and intensification, strengthening people’s skills, expanding access to information to better inform decisions in the face of hazardous events and ensuring basic needs are met for destitute and seasonally at risk populations and supporting voluntary and sustainable return of internally displaced persons to their places of origin. Somalia has 1,36 million internally displaced persons as a result of decades of war and successive natural calamities – part of this population can regain and further enhance their previous livelihoods through voluntary return. In light of the existing nature and potential opportunities for building resilience, this strategy entails sustained investments to reduce and mitigate risks (social, natural, political and economic) and to ensure that resources will be locally available and effective and efficient for crisis response and recovery in a timely fashion. The three building blocks and key components for enhancing resiliency in Somalia are:
- Strengthen productive sectors for vulnerable working households, recognizing the different roles and needs of women and men. This includes deepening and improving access to physical asset bases, generating increased output with fewer inputs through enhanced technologies, improving access to decent employment, expanding access and improving the functioning of market systems and market information. Focus areas at the household and community level include:
ü Diversification of livelihood strategies to increase options to adapt to risks, including predictable, seasonal labour opportunities for asset creation to promote crisis recovery, mitigate the potential impacts of future shocks and support the sustainable reintegration of returnees.
ü Intensification and extensification of production to build capacity to withstand shocks, including community based natural resource management
ü Market Access/Market Information to increase income, build capacity to withstand shocks and increase options to adapt to threats
- Basic services to protect human capital for at risk individuals and households, focusing on systems and services that enhance people’s resilience. This includes good health, adequate nutrition and education, safety and adequate skills. These outcomes are necessary to withstand shocks, adapt in the face of crises and ensure sustainability of return. This includes basic services as well as support services, such as extension, to the productive sectors, as well as sharpening information and knowledge management. Focus areas include:
ü Community assessment, monitoring, information and knowledge systems to build more robust and actionable understandings of how services function, the barriers to access to services for women and men, boys and girls and the identification of why some are less resilient than others
ü Household and community care practices, demand and access to servicessuch as community based water, health, education and nutrition as well as protection, further supported by conditional transfers to meet these objectives as well as contribute to a reliable safety net. This includes community-based services for reintegration of voluntary returnees.
ü Ensuring adequate knowledge and skill bases to promote wellbeing, decrease the need for treatment and curative action and deepen skills to strengthen the effectiveness of coping strategies and enhance options for adapting to crises as well as strengthening institutions that support service delivery.
- Promote safety nets for a minimum of social protection to build resilience by integrating initiatives to develop a more systematic safety net, comprising a number of different programmes, tailored to women and men’s household needs, enabling households to be secure in the knowledge that their basic needs are achievable on a daily basis and that, in the event of a shock, their survival is assured. Importantly, the safety nets also facilitate the first stages of returnee reintegration, providing them with a foundation to embrace sustainable productive activities (Pillar I), access basic social services (Pillar 2), and facilitating longer term livelihood recovery and development. This entails moving beyond the discontinuous cycles of short term assistance. Focus areas include:
ü Reliable support to the chronically and seasonally at risk ensures that immediate needs are met and encourages prudent risk-taking to increase the effectiveness of livelihood strategies.
These three building blocks of resiliency are integrated and complementary. All three blocks (1, 2 and 3) are important for enhancing and protecting the resources on which households and communities draw on to anticipate, accommodate, adjust and recover from crises. Basic public and private services (2) are important for safeguarding these resources include water and sanitation systems, health, education, skills training and education and sanitation, among others. A particular focus is on the availability, quality, access, stability, demand and responsiveness of these services to women and men, girls and boys, including in times of humanitarian emergencies. A coherent system for ensuring access by the most vulnerable to productive opportunities (1), to social services (2), and minimum consumption needs (3) forms the basis of safety nets and social protection, with resilient communities and households reducing the need for transfers over time.
The strategy focuses on the livelihood strategies of those most at risk in Somalia, including wage labourers, micro and small enterprise owners, farmers, pastoralists, agro-pastoralists and fishing communities. When households, communities and networks for goods and services are resilient, people realize positive livelihood outcomes (sufficient income, food security, safety, proper nutrition, good health etc.) and ecosystems are preserved and protected for the future.
In this strategy, the concept of “enhancing resilience” refers to concerted actions to help communities to sustainably cope with crises on the basis of principally community-based initiatives to improve food security, livelihoods and access to key services. Strengthening local governance and institutional development, as well as conflict prevention, plays a key supporting role in community level resilience. This will include supporting at community level household, community, CSOs, and private sector interventions for resilience, building capacity of formal and informal systems at local level early-on in conflict/disaster risk-ridden Somalia, including systems for community based early warning and preparedness.
Initiatives to enhance resiliency are understood to meet the following minimum criteria:
ü Products or services to be prioritized and targeted through community dialogue
ü Gender disaggregated information/analysis required to ensure that capacities and vulnerabilities are identified and correctly addressed as part of a safety net for social protection
ü Provides predictability so populations can take prudent risks
ü Directly reduces risk at the household and communal levels
Some agencies are refocusing modalities of mutual engagement towards common analysis, monitoring and accountability, recognizing that all three building blocks must be present for household and community resilience. Based on the above minimum criteria, some agencies will identify and delimit activities within their portfolios that will be aligned within specific geographic areas to ensure all building blocks are in place. Engaged agencies will:
ü Promote alignment, sequencing, coordination and targeting of multi-sectoral activities.
ü Develop a common gender sensitive monitoring framework to jointly measure resilience outcomes.
ü Improve the quality, scope and coordination of resilience, capacity and vulnerability assessment on which interventions are based.
The focus on resilience provides opportunities to overcome the divide between humanitarian and development programming in order to better address overlapping risks and stresses. To realize these opportunities, the current aid architecture needs to evolve to allow more flexibility of funding and better focus of the various investment development and humanitarian funding streams and objectives to promote resilience, including greater focus on the role of the private sector. It also requires large-scale, multi-year and comprehensive approaches, with particular emphasis on partnerships across stakeholders and cross-sectoral collaboration. Istanbul II affords an unparalleled opportunity to galvanize coalitions of facilitators of resilience in solidarity with the people of Somalia.
SOMALIA: A RESILIENCE STRATEGY
OVERVIEWResilience is the ability to anticipate, resist, absorb and recover in a timely and efficient manner from external pressures and shocks in ways that preserve integrity and do not deepen vulnerability. This includes the ability to withstand threats and the ability to adapt if needed to new options in the face of crises. The people of Somalia are remarkably resilient, especially given the multiple and protracted challenges that have marked Somalia over time, but this resilience varies by gender, age and livelihood group. This resilience is grounded in determination, entrepreneurialism, mobility, and communities of solidarity and generosity that span the local to the international.
More than other societies, given inadequacies in public and private, formal and informal systems that provide support, Somalis must rely principally on their own resilience to protect their lives and livelihoods. As witnessed in the famine of 2011, some threats can overwhelm the resiliency of the poorest or marginalised, leading to intolerable outcomes including destitution, displacement, hunger, fear, despair, illness, death and the breakdown of families and communities. One Minister neatly summarizes these threats as “war, weather and weak governance and economy”.
For more than two decades, natural, political and economic threats and associated failures of resilience have been addressed principally through two paradigms: state building and humanitarian assistance, respectively. While vital, these efforts are necessary but not sufficient for effectively building resilience to help at risk populations withstand future shocks sustainably. A shift of paradigm is needed towards building the resilience of Somali households and communities in the medium- and longer-term, including through multi-year engagements.
The strategy for enhancing resilience in Somalia is grounded on three building blocks:
1) Strengthen productive sectors for vulnerable working populations;
2) Basic services to protect human capital; and
3) Predictable safety nets for a minimum of social protection;
In light of the existing nature and potential opportunities for building resilience, this strategy entails sustained investments to reduce and mitigate risks (social, natural, political and economic) and to ensure that resources will be locally available and effective and efficient for crisis response and recovery in a timely fashion.
This strategy is presented to the community of stakeholders concerned with the well-being of the Somali population. It is encouraged that coalitions of facilitators of resilience can be formed and sustained based on the core elements. Some agencies are refocusing modalities of mutual engagement in practical terms to enhance common analysis, monitoring and accountability against a joint outcomes framework by a strategic alignment of programmes, recognizing that all three building blocks must be present for household and community resilience.
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- I. RESILIENCE IN THE CONTEXT OF SOMALIA
Resilience is the ability to anticipate, absorb and recover from external pressures and shocks in ways that preserve the integrity of individuals, households and communities while not deepening vulnerability. This includes both the ability to withstand threats and the ability to adapt if needed to new options in the face of shocks and crises. When households, communities and networks for goods and services are resilient, people realize positive livelihood outcomes (sufficient income, food security, safety, proper nutrition, good health etc.) and ecosystems are preserved and protected for current and future generations. In this strategy, the concept of “enhancing resilience” refers to concerted actions to help affected Somali society to cope with crises on the basis of community-based initiatives.
Somalia must rely exceptionally on the resilience of individuals, households and communities to protect lives and livelihoods, given the lack of a formal state, the absence of reliable public and private systems that provide support, expertise and protection, and limited integrated humanitarian, development and investment strategies to address the root causes of crises (see Box 1). The people of Somalia are remarkably resilient, especially given the multiple and protracted challenges that have marked Somalia over time but this varies by gender, age and livelihood group. This remarkable resiliency is grounded in determination, entrepreneurialism and mobility and is buoyed by communities of solidarity that span the local to the international, including clans, the private sector and a robust and generous Diaspora.
Local resiliency has its limits, especially given sustained and myriad threats often generated by factors well beyond the control of individuals or communities. One Minister neatly summarizes these threats as “war, weather and weak governance/economy”. As witnessed in the famine of 2011, some shocks overwhelm the resiliency of the poorest or marginalised, leading to destitution, displacement, hunger, illness, death and the breakdown of families and communities. These intolerable outcomes call for a paradigm shift in support of the resiliency of the poor or marginalised; current engagements and assistance modalities are important but simply inadequate. The delayed response to the warnings of crisis issued from 2010 starkly demonstrated the limits of the international humanitarian community as well as the extent of inadequate efforts to build resilience in the years prior to the famine.
| Factors of Vulnerability in Somalia Political instability and violent conflict – governance failures, institutional breakdown, lack of individual and communal safety. The deterioration of infrastructure – negatively impacting the economy and reducing productivity and production due to disruption of services and limited access to supply centres and markets. Poor quality, inadequate and unreliable delivery of services, including agricultural extension and skills building, health, education and water services. Lack of effective safety nets – results in the absence of formal systems to prevent asset depletion, to mitigate crises and offset livelihood losses, nutritional and health deterioration during lean seasons. Skilled labour shortages – due to loss of talent abroad and a 20-year decline in education and training. Massive displacement of people – driven by conflict and natural disaster, increasing pressure on local natural resources, intensified overuse and degradation, whilst aggravating tensions with host communities and pressure over land, resources and services in urban centres. Environmental degradation - poorly managed and unprotected soils, water, grasslands, forests and fisheries leading to severe degradation of natural assets, processes accelerated by reliance on charcoal for fuel and income. Recurrent shocks and seasonal difficulties – some populations cannot meet basic household needs as a result of repeated exposure to shocks, associated destitution and reliance on negative and irreversible coping strategies. |
This strategy calls for fundamental changes so that humanitarian, development and investment stakeholders become more relevant and meaningful facilitators of resilience with the people of Somalia. It is focussed on building capacities and contingencies, with households and communities, to enable them to withstand shocks and broadening abilities to adapt to changing conditions. This includes a greater emphasis on the reduction and management of risks (rather than singular reliance on crisis response) and enhanced investments in building productive, human, social, natural and financial resources within households and communities, recognising the different roles, capacities and needs of women and men, girls and boys. Specifically, this entails:
ü Support for household and community levels to build resilient societies
ü Decentralized service provision (public, private, or communal) and the promotion of accountability in the delivery of services, including in time of humanitarian emergencies
ü Focused community participation, in needs assessment and service delivery
ü Empower vulnerable groups, women, internally displaced persons, youth and labour-poor households
ü Support for a more enabling environment, especially strengthened operational capabilities of public, private, and communal formal and informal institutions
ü Tailored interventions to specific contexts, i.e. to the livelihoods system(s), hazard and risk profiles, institutional environment, gender constructs, etc.
The focus on resilience bridges humanitarian and development programming to better address overlapping risks and stresses. The aid architecture needs to allow more flexibility and better focus of development and humanitarian funding streams and objectives to promote resilience. Enhancing resilience requires large-scale and comprehensive approaches, partnerships across stakeholders and multi-sectoral collaboration. Lastly, programmes must include response capacities and risk management strategies in order to address long-term challenges and respond to rapid onset emergencies, and security and political changes. To this end:
- The resilience strategy must be aligned with the existing priorities spelled out in the national and regional strategies for Somalia. These are to date: the National Development Plan (NDP) of the self-declared independent state of Somaliland; the Development Plan (DP) of the semi-autonomous state of Puntland; the roadmap and other strategic documents of the Mogadishu-based Transitional Federal Government (TFG).
- The resilience strategy is multi-stakeholder. To support the building blocks of resilience, multiple actors across all sectors are needed. Coordination should be realized through platforms such as the Somalia technical groups; the UN Inter-agency Standing Committee’s (IASC) clusters; Sector-based structures; the United Nations Country Team (UNCT), etc.
- The resilience strategy is multi-year, supported by multi-year funding. Enhancing resilience requires sustained commitment. The proposed timeline for the strategy is 2012-2020 (8 years), with an initial three-year phase (2012-2015), as described herein.
- The resilience strategy must rely on stronger gender sensitive analysis of vulnerabilities and capacities and monitoring of resilience (availability, quality, scope and coordination of analysis). Greater coordination is needed for technical consensus and analysis of response options.
- The implementation of the resilience strategy should be tailored geographically, to livelihoods systems, to institutional context and implementation partners’ mandates and capacities.
- The resilience strategy will be implemented within the operational reality of Somalia, considering levels of safety and security for communities, restrictions on activities for community based workers/extension agents and risks for implementing agencies.
- II. A STRATEGY FOR RESILIENCE
Enhanced resilience can be achieved through multi-year initiatives designed to strengthen asset bases, improve access to public/private/communal resources and services, create economic opportunities through livelihood diversification and intensification, deepen skills, expand access to information to guide decisions in the face of hazardous events and ensure basic needs are met for destitute and seasonally at risk populations. Resilience building will also support the sustainable reintegration of internally displaced persons to their places of origin. Somalia has 1,36 million internally displaced persons as a result of decades of war and successive natural calamities – part of this population can regain and further enhance their previous livelihoods through voluntary return. The strategy’s building blocks for resiliency are:
- Strengthen productive sectors: for vulnerable working households, this includes deepening and improving access to physical asset bases, generating increased output with fewer inputs through enhanced technologies, improving access to decent employment, expanding access and improving function of market systems and market information;
- Basic services to protect human capital: for at risk individuals and households, this focuses on systems and services that enhance people’s resilience, including good health, adequate nutrition and education, safety and adequate skills. These outcomes are necessary to withstand shocks and adapt in times of crises. This includes gender sensitive basic services as well as support services, such as extension, to the productive sectors, as well as sharpening information and knowledge management for early warning and planning;
- Promote safety nets for a minimum of social protection: this entails moving beyond the discontinuous cycles of short-term assistance to approaches that build resilience by providing a predictable level of assistance to those suffering from long-term destitution as well as for households that are seasonally at risk on a recurrent basis. This enables households to be secure in the knowledge that their basic needs are achievable on a daily basis and that, in the event of a shock, their survival is assured.
These three building blocks of resiliency are integrated and complementary. The strategy focuses on key livelihood strategies in Somalia, including wage laborers, micro and small enterprise owners, farmers, pastoralists, agro-pastoralists and fishing communities. The strategy focuses on the livelihood strategies of those most at risk in Somalia, because it is through the efforts of women, men, children, youth and the elderly that resiliency will be established for current and future generations. All three blocks (1, 2 and 3) are important for enhancing and protecting the resources on which people draw on to anticipate, accommodate, adjust and recover from shocks. Basic public and private services (2) important for safeguarding these resources include water and sanitation systems, health and nutrition, education, and skills training, among others. A particular focus is on the availability, quality, reliability, demand and responsiveness of these services, including in times of humanitarian emergencies. A coherent system for ensuring access by the most vulnerable and returning IDPs to productive opportunities (1), to social services (2), and minimum consumption needs (3) forms the basis of safety nets and social protection, with resilient communities and households reducing the need for transfers over time. Those resource transfers (1, e.g., food, vouchers or cash) can meet seasonal needs and allow a predictable level of assistance in at risk communities (3).
For these outcomes to be realized, enabling factors require specific attention. Those are: a) information and knowledge management (sex and age disaggregated, where possible) for better early warning, planning response and monitoring of household vulnerability and resilience; and, b) the development of a coherent policy and regulatory framework in each sector for effective local service delivery. Finally, strengthening local governance and institutional development, as well as conflict prevention, plays a key supporting role in community level resilience. This will include support at community level to household, community, CSOs, and private sector interventions for resilience, building capacity of formal and informal systems at local level early-on in conflict/disaster risk-ridden Somalia, including systems for community based early warning and preparedness.
In this strategy, the concept of “enhancing resilience” refers to concerted actions to help communities to sustainably cope with crises on the basis of principally community-based initiatives to improve food security, livelihoods and access to key services. Initiatives to enhance resiliency are understood to meet the following minimum criteria:
ü Products or services to be prioritized and targeted through community dialogue
ü Gender disaggregated information/analysis required to ensure that capacities and vulnerabilities are identified and correctly addressed as part of a safety net for social protection
ü Provides predictability so populations can take prudent risks
ü Directly reduces risk at the household and communal levels
This strategy is presented to the community of stakeholders concerned with the well-being of the Somali population with the objective that coalitions of facilitators of resilience can be formed based on the core elements. Some agencies are refocusing modalities of mutual engagement towards common analysis, monitoring and accountability, recognizing that all three building blocks must be present for household and community resilience. Based on the above minimum criteria, some agencies will identify and delimit activities within their portfolios that will be aligned within specific geographic areas to ensure all building blocks are in place. Given resilient households, communities and networks, positive livelihood outcomes are realised (sufficient income, food security, safety, proper nutrition, good health etc.) and ecosystems are preserved and protected. Engaged agencies have agreed to:
ü Promote alignment, sequencing, coordinating and targeting multi-sectoral activities within specific geographic areas.
ü Develop a common monitoring framework to jointly measure resilience outcomes in selected geographical areas.
ü Improve the quality, scope and coordination of resilience and vulnerability assessment and monitoring on which interventions are based.
- 1. Strengthen Productive Sectors
Support to diversification and intensification of livelihood strategies enhances resilience through increased household incomes, improved productivity of assets, reserves at the household and communal level, and sustainable use and risk management of natural resources (land, water, forest, energy). This includes stronger rural-urban linkages to improve access to markets and supply centers and greater economic linkages between rural and urban livelihoods. The support also ensures sustainable reintegration of returning displaced population and enhance their long-term livelihoods.
Diversification: Supporting households by expanding the range of livelihood strategies minimizes covariant risk and increases options for managing shocks. Reflecting the common livelihood strategies of at risk households, the strategy emphasizes diversification of farm and livestock products, fish products and processing, and value-addition (including in urban settings) with a particular emphasis on nutrition, improved quality and product transformation.
Urban and rural food/cash-based public works programmes raise income, nutrition and consumption levels, create additional livelihood opportunities, protect or enhance productive assets and facilitate the reintegration of returnees. Such programmes can be targeted during the lean season when it is most timely to repair infrastructure to promote production and when people need to find work to sustain themselves and their families. Self-targeting of the most vulnerable, recognizing gender-based constraints, can be achieved through carefully scaling incentives/wages, which may include cash, vouchers or food, depending on factors of supply and demand.
Access to productive assets: Increased productivity for pastoral, agro-pastoral, farming, riverine, coastal fishing households and communities and returnees can be facilitated by greater access agro-inputs (e.g. machinery and tools), animal nutrition (e.g. improved feed production, fortified blocks) improved access to water for livestock and fishing equipment and on and off-farm productive infrastructure (e.g., water catchments, roads, woodlands, irrigation infrastructure, food/seed storage, soil and water conservation). Assets can also be liabilities in conflict settings as targets of attack (e.g., cattle, land, markets), so a focus on asset protection through conflict analysis will inform initiatives for productive assets. In pastoral and, to a lesser extent, agro-pastoral areas, productive assets at the homestead level are critical to ensure the most vulnerable, often women and children, can sustain themselves when they are left behind while others seasonally migrate with livestock. The adoption of new technologies, including measures to produce more using fewer inputs and genetic resources/biodiversity, deepens resiliency through increased production for own consumption (including reserves at the household level) and marketing. These measures will focus on improving nutritional quality and diversity as a result of own production, including through urban agriculture.
The multiple objectives of asset creation schemes (through food/cash for work) can promote crisis recovery, mitigate the potential impacts of future shocks, or prepare returnees for recovery of their productive assets. Based on consultative processes to identify key risks and priorities, asset creation initiatives can increasingly allow households to enhance resiliency, including protecting against season fluctuations in income and food security.
Access to markets, market information and early warning: Building on the resiliency of the private sector, the strategy calls for improved access routes (including tertiary and feeder roads), market infrastructure and more reliable and available producer and consumer market information. Early warning analysis, currently produced largely for international actors, will be enhanced with a greater focus on the needs of producers and value chain actors in Somalia.
| Promote LivelihoodOpportunities,Intensification, &Diversification | Agricultural, livestock and fisheries product diversification |
| Value-addition to agricultural, livestock, fish products (agro-processing; product certification; quality enhancement) |
| Labour-intensive programmes (productive infrastructure; agricultural services etc.) |
| Job/micro-enterprise creation related to natural resource management, and non-forest and agricultural products |
| Improve access to and use ofproductive assets | Access to inputs/assets (e.g. improved seeds; feed production; fish vessels; asset creation schemes) |
| Access to productive infrastructure (e.g. irrigation infrastructure, storage) |
| Community management, including women and men, of water supplies, supported by skilled technicians, parts supply chain and private sector management. |
| Protected land and natural resource access and integrated management of natural resources (e.g. soil and water conservation, water point rehabilitation and development, rainwater harvesting) |
| Enhanced genetic resources and biodiversity and “Save and Grow” technologies |
| Improve access to markets & early warning | Access to market infrastructure (e.g., roads) and facilities (e.g., slaughterhouses, market place rehabilitation) |
| Access to market information |
| Early warning and analysis tailored for producers and private sector |
- 2. Basic services to protect human capital
The status of social services in Somalia reflects some of the lowest human development indicators globally. Services for the productive sector are inadequate to promote technology and knowledge for resilient production. All services have declined in recent decades; their provision is largely maintained through local NGOs (often international agency supported), diminished cadres of once existent national service practitioners and, for the productive sectors, associations of private sector providers. Some progress has been made in Somaliland and Puntland but in large parts of the country, access to key services remains irregular and unreliable, of low quality, too distant from service seekers and overall insufficient.
Aspects of enhancing resilience through increasing the quality, reliability and responsiveness of key services include: reducing overall vulnerability levels on the basis of knowledge, behavior change, demand and access for services that strengthen coping mechanisms in the areas of health, nutrition, hygiene, water, sanitation, education, and agriculture extension. Equally important is strengthening themanagement and maintenance of service delivery through adaptive approaches that consider existing capacities, opportunities and risks.
Community needs assessment, monitoring, and knowledge systems. Specific contexts, capacities, risks and opportunities in service provision and community responses to shock are inadequately understood. Re-orientating initiatives to achieve resilience outcomes will require better understanding of how women and men, girls and boys, access services and what are the barriers. In-depth analysis of vulnerabilities and capacities using livelihoods and other distinctive characteristics, including gender, is a starting point to identify why some are less resilient than others. Analysis should look at specific livelihood groups, their opportunities for accessing services (including through private sector), how this access is interrupted by shocks and the reasons why some households do not use existing services. Such analysis is important for designing innovative and effective service delivery as well as determining indicators, monitoring and early warning systems, including monitoring the quality of basic services and major barriers to access services.
Community-based systems for care, knowledge transfer and service provision.This requires more investment in community based water, health, and nutrition management, and school based management, including mobile services to increase access. Measures to strengthen accountability and transparency of resources used and services provided are needed. Investments made at the community level are seen to ensure efficiency and effectiveness of a minimal set of basic service functions, such as immunization, education, management of malnutrition and access to water sources, but also protection. The establishment of a community health worker system and replication of community education committees is central to success in this area. Safe and secure learning environments promote the protection and the psychosocial wellbeing of learners, teachers and other education personnel.
Conditional transfers (with cash, vouchers or in-kind assistance) can be used as incentives to influence households to seek services while offsetting the opportunity costs of utilizing such services. Service access can be negatively impacted by travel times to service provision points and competing priorities for household labour. Such incentives can be provided to ensure greater levels of enrollment and attendance at primary school with a particular focus on girls, increase health seeking behaviors (e.g., women attending ante-natal care and delivering in safe facilitates, immunization, health and nutrition education, treatment of malnutrition) and increase veterinary services, among others. The transfer can also serve as a safety net to meet seasonal needs, allow a predictable level of assistance in at risk communities and provide immediate support for returnees at their places of origin towards longer-term sustainable reintegration.
Community-based management and public-private partnership in service delivery is important to provide better access to essential services for all livelihood groups. Ensuring the sustainability and reliability of these services is essential to protect households during a crisis. Where possible services should be based on existing capacities in both public and private sector and be designed with in-built contingency measures to ensure uninterrupted access for vulnerable communities. In times of crisis the support for vulnerable communities should shift from response, which relies on “responders of last resort” (i.e., the international community) to strengthening “responders of first resort” (community coping mechanisms, including social networks). The focus should shift to those available in-country resources that can be accessed and organized in the early stage of an evolving threat in order to mitigate or avert a crisis altogether. Basing service provision in the community and making it relatively self-sufficient improves the prospects for services to continue even during crisis periods a factor that should reduce the demand for (more expensive, often late) international humanitarian action or allow a platform on which such assistance, when needed, can be provided.
The limited availability of human and financial resources requires coherent and synergetic approaches to service delivery wherever this is possible. Combining service provider functions and facilities across sectors (e.g., water for human consumption, sanitation, livestock and agriculture) in order to achieve economies of scale may be important to achieve “quick wins” – which are important measures for building trust, confidence and stability. Building these into customised local and adaptive approaches to basic (social) service delivery across different livelihood groups will achieve widespread community resilience.
Ensuring an adequate knowledge and skill base. Knowledge about key factors contributing to wellbeing and development changes behavior and decreases the need for treatment and curative action. This is particularly important in the absence of services. Where services are available, knowledge increases demand for services and thus promotes better care seeking behaviors. Ensuring households and especially caregivers of children are aware of how to best protect against disease, malnutrition and other potentially negative outcomes, is essential to match any basic service delivery on the supply side with a receptive demand side.
Deepening skills also extends to the human capital of productive livelihood systems to strengthen the effectiveness of coping strategies and enhance options for adapting to crises. This includes a) agriculture and fisheries extension and animal and human health services focused on building capacity for best practices including integrated natural resource management (land, water, energy); and, b) surveillance and monitoring services (e.g. livestock and human disease surveillance; fish sanitary control) and c) support to community based health workers.
| Community assessment, monitoring, information and knowledge systems | Baseline analysis using a vulnerability, capacity assessment framework |
| Community health and nutrition surveillance systems; Regular collection of school level education data to central Education Management System (EMIS) |
| Use of ICT to generate and share information on functioning of water and health systems |
| Early warning systems tailored to community early action and local response mechanisms |
| Household & community care practices, demand & access to services | Community health workers (CHWs) providing preventative (education/life-skills education to prevent disease and malnutrition) as well as curative (Integrated Community Case Management and treatment of malnutrition) services |
| Psycho-social care at personal, household and community level |
| Promotion of safe, drinking water at household level |
| Incentives to increase and to retain girls enrolment in schools |
| Incentives to increase both attendance and enrollment of primary school aged children (girls and boys), e.g. school feeding. |
| Incentives to increase the utilization of and access to health care facilities/services |
| Community committees and teachers enabled to provide effective management of services. |
| Ensuring adequate knowledge and skill base | Improving access to quality basic services by strengthening private sector supply systems (pharmacies, traders in spare parts and hygiene items, seeds and tools) |
| Strengthening PPPs for more efficient service delivery |
| Skilled community water supply technicians |
| Integrated animal, agricultural and human health extension services |
| Skilled CHWs enabled to promote proper practices and behavioral changes (infant young child feeding, hygiene and sanitation, FGM/C, etc) |
| Establishment of Child to Child Clubs at school levels for promotion of health/hygiene messages and behaviors. |
3. Safety nets for a minimum of social protection
Safety nets and social protection play an important role in contributing to the first two building blocks. Safety nets provide a platform on which to build future resiliency by contributing to more diverse livelihood bases and helping to ensure more educated and healthier populations. Safety nets protect human capital during crises and prevent negative coping mechanisms. They can allow poor households to continue to prioritize children’s education in difficult times and avoid the irreversible effects of malnutrition in crisis years or seasons. They also facilitate the first stage of reintegration of returnees and pave the way to sustainable livelihood recovery. An effective system of safety nets and social protection can increase investments in proactive preventative approaches rather than exclusive reliance on responses following crises. By providing a more predictable level of assistance, households have the chance to take greater risks by more actively pursuing higher-income livelihood opportunities and increasing access to and utilization of basic services. The key is transparent, predictable and timely transfers through multi-year investments.
The aims of this third building block include measures to guarantee access to social support for the most highly vulnerable populations. Such support a) ensures that the most vulnerable long-term destitute immediate needs are met, b) enables households repeatedly exposed to seasonal shocks to take on prudent risk to increase the effectiveness of their livelihood strategies, c) ensures a minimum basket of food and income, and d) improves nutritional resilience.
Safety net for chronically at risk populations: Throughout different geographic regions and livelihoods in Somalia, there is a segment of any community that is chronically at risk or is in a situation of long-term destitution. Such groups rely significantly on a combination of social support and external assistance, but in an ad hoc manner, and can suffer further when external factors limit the provision of such support. As there is no state welfare system, or an equivalent, a specific reliable and sustained transfer of cash or food is required to sustain such populations and reduce the burden they may have on the extended family, clan and/or community with the aim of eventually graduating them to other forms of assistance.
Safety net for seasonally at risk populations: Most livelihood zones have a regular portion of the population that is unable to cope during lean seasons and as such resort to negative coping strategies that reduce the households’ productivity over time and negatively impact human health and nutrition. As such, seasonal transfers of cash, food or specialized nutrition products for such seasonally at risk populations is a critical safety net designed to allow those households to take on prudent risks that can help strengthen their overall productivity and prevent destitution.
Safety net linkages: It is envisioned that over time, populations requiring the reliable, sustained and predictable support under this pillar need to be graduated to other systems of support in the mid to long-term. For example, those requiring sustained transfers (long-term destitute) may graduate to one of the other building blocks (strengthened productive sectors and basic services to protect human capital) accessing seasonal publics works programs, and conditional transfers to ensure access to social services. Similarly, initial safety net support for returnees ensures the linkage with long-term livelihood enhancement and sustainable reintegration. Ultimately, resilient communities and households would occur over time with the unconditional transfers reducing accordingly.
| Reliable support to the chronically and seasonally at risk | Sustained transfers of cash or food for long-term destitute |
| Predictable, seasonal transfers of cash or food for seasonal at risk populations |
The focus on resilience provides opportunities to overcome the divide between humanitarian and development programming in order to better address overlapping risks and stresses. To realize these opportunities, the current aid architecture needs to evolve to allow more flexibility of funding and better focus of the various investment development and humanitarian funding streams and objectives to promote resilience, including greater focus on the role of the private sector. It also requires large-scale, multi-year and comprehensive approaches, with particular emphasis on partnerships across stakeholders and cross-sectoral collaboration. Istanbul II affords an unparalleled opportunity to galvanize coalitions of facilitators of resilience in solidarity with the people of Somalia.
Partnership Forum on Energy
Preparing Somalia’s Future: Goals for 2015
Second Istanbul Conference, Turkey
Partnership Forum on 31st May 2012
10.30 am to 03.00 pm
Conference Paper on Energy
CONFERENCE PAPER FOR THE PARTNERSHIP FORUM ON ENERGY
31st May 2012, 10.30 to 15.00
Objective:
The Partnership Forum on Energy will deliberate and agree on Programmatic Priorities and a tripartite Partnerships Framework to comprehensively address the energy needs in Somalia. The tripartite partnership needs to be among: i) Governments in Somalia; ii) Non-government partners (Private Sector, Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) and Academia); and, iii) Development Partners (UN, World Bank, AfDB, EU and Bi-laterals) to overcome the barriers to access to energy and diversifying the energy mix.
Outcomes and Deliverables:
- Participants agree on a set of recommendations to improve access to energy with the objectives of maintaining peace, bringing social equity, creating employment, ensuring affordability, triggering economic growth and building resilience.
- Participants agree to look in the options to diversify the energy mix with the gradual reduction on reliance on the charcoal and firewood. This will include setting the targets for the introduction of alternative and renewable sources of energy.
- Participants agree to develop gender balanced human resources capacities relevant to energy sector with structured vocational training programmes and university studies to build a workforce that can be absorbed in the sector to ensure sustainability and sustained growth.
- A framework of partnerships for the
energy sector among: a) Governments in Somalia; b) non-government partners (private sector, CSOs, academia); and, c) development partners (UN, WB, AfDB, EU and bi-laterals) for undertaking priority interventions with clearly defined roles.
| Time | Session |
| 10.30-10.45 | Opening by the Chair and the co-chair |
| 10.45-11.15 | Setting the stage: Assessment of the Energy situation in Somalia |
| 11.15-12.30 | How can the energy challenge in Somalia be resolved?ü How have others done it?ü How can Somalia do it? |
| 12.30-13.30 | Lunch Break |
| 13.30-14.30
| What are the Practical solutions and recommendations by all partnersü Governmentü Non-Government/ private sector
ü Development Partners
|
| 14.30-15.00 | Plenary: Discussion/endorsement ofü Recommendationsü Way Forward |
| 15.00 | Adjourn |
- 1. Background and context
Somalia’s energy sector has suffered from over two decades of neglect and lack of planned investments. The resultant huge deficit in universal access to affordable modern sources of energy inhibits the achievement of social indicators and limits sustainable economic growth. The systemic weaknesses of the energy sector are reflected in the exorbitantly high tariff of US$ 1.0 per kilowatt hour. This creates gross inequalities with only a small segment of Somali population able to afford grid connectivity. The impact of the conflict is also evident from the fact that the energy mix in Somalia is sharply skewed towards locally accessible charcoal and firewood as the main sources of energy. It is estimated that 87% of the energy needs are met by using charcoal and firewood. Petroleum products account for about 11% of the total energy use, while electric power generation using diesel thermal account for about 2% of the total energy needs. Though there is a huge potential in Somalia of tapping renewable and alternative sources of energy, the expansion in the energy mix could not take place due to internal conflict and absence of enabling environment to invest in the energy sector.
The overall objective of this paper is to provide a brief background to the participants of the energy Partnership Forum on situation of Energy Sector in Somalia and identify the areas of partnerships with programmatic priorities that can bring improvement to the sector.
- 2. Proposed Strategy for the Energy Sector
The accumulating deficit in Somalia in the expansion of affordable modern energy sources and rudimentary state of the existing energy distribution systems calls for a strategy for partnerships that is based on the following two principles for engagement:
a) Improve access to energy with the objectives of maintaining peace, bringing social equity amongst vulnerable groups, particularly, among women, IDPs and children, creating employment, ensuring affordability, triggering economic growth and building resilience.
b) Diversify the energy mix with the gradual reduction on reliance on the charcoal and firewood by introducing alternative sources of energy, including, wind, solar, LPG, biogas, hydro and high efficiency thermal generation and distribution systems.
In order for these principles to hold relevant as the basis for partnerships, the succeeding discussion in this background paper covers in brief the situational analysis in five strategic programmatic clusters with recommendations to improve access to energy and diversify the energy mix. These five clusters are:
i) Institutional and Policy: The public sector institutions lack capacities to formulate energy policies, develop energy investment plans and identify the potential for regulated investments in the energy sector. This has led to haphazard investments in the energy sector, with access to modern energy sources limited to a small segment of urban population. There is a need to have integrated set of interventions that address the institutional and policy barriers. Standalone policy documents will have little impact, unless these are backed up by phased implementation plans that fill the capacity gaps, set regulatory regimes and promote broader public private partnerships for improving access and diversifying the energy mix.
ii) Energy Infrastructure Rehabilitation and Expansion: Energy infrastructure is one the main victims of conflict in Somalia. The exposed and saleable nature of the energy infrastructure made it vulnerable to looting to meet different needs of the individuals and groups living through the years of conflict. As part of the stabilisation process, major development financing is needed to overcome deferred repairs and maintenance of the existing systems and provisions for extension to new areas as an incentive for peace building.
iii) Priortisation and Integration: The recurring conflict situations and humanitarian catastrophes in Somalia are keeping the decision makers fully engaged to deal with short-term priorities. The link of reliable energy source as a basic need with conflict management or improving the security situation for the communities impacted by the conflict is overlooked. It is important to understand these linkages and consider access to energy as an essential component of community safety interventions. Somalia cannot afford to consider access to energy “in a vacuum”. The priorities being considered to bring stability in Somalia must integrate access to energy across variety of areas, including, government operations, local enterprise development, security maintenance, agriculture, livestock, fisheries, economic recovery, provision of basic needs (water, health, education and shelter), gender empowerment and children safety programmes.
iv) Technology and Human Resources: The energy generation and distribution systems in Somalia are rudimentary. The system operations are entirely dependent on run down equipment that does not comply with basic efficiency standards. The available human resources to manage the system have not gone through the structured training programmes. Majority of the workforce in the energy sector has acquired skills on-the-job and does not have in-depth knowledge for the proper operations of the systems. In order to overcome these gaps, it is important to introduce efficient and new technologies during the expansion of energy systems. This should be coupled with structured gender balanced vocational training programmes and university studies in relevant fields to train a workforce that can be absorbed in the energy sector.
v) Investment Planning and Financing: Financing of energy projects, in the absence of a comprehensive investment plan, becomes a major stumbling block for improving access or setting targets of diversifying the energy mix. As an immediate measure it is important to come up with the “Regional Energy Sector Investment Plans”. The Investment Plans should be linked to innovative financing mechanisms to meet the medium to long term energy needs. The options can be in the form of start-up grants, investment incentives schemes etc. leading to matching funds (without the requirements for collateral guarantees). The “Investment Guarantee Fund” proposed for Somalia should set aside atleast 15% of the total fund capital for implementing the recommendations of the Energy Sector Investment Plans.
- 3. General programmatic priorities for the Energy Sector
The Second Istanbul Conference on Somalia needs to agree on Programmatic Priorities and a tripartite Partnerships Framework to comprehensively address the energy needs in Somalia. The tripartite partnership needs to be among: i) Governments in Somalia; ii) Non-government partners (Private Sector, Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) and Academia); and, iii) Development Partners (UN, World Bank, AfDB, EU and Bi-laterals) to overcome the barriers to access to energy and diversifying the energy mix. The draft framework to be deliberated and adopted by the partnership forum at the Second Istanbul Conference on Somalia is as follows:
Somalia – Energy Sector Programmatic Priorities and Partnerships Framework (Draft)
Priority Interventions for: Partnership Roles
Diversifying Energy Mix
| Programmatic Cluster |
| Access to Energy |
| Institutional and Policy | a) Comprehensive assessment of energy needs for all population groupsb) Capacity building of institutions directly linked to energy sectorc) Develop Regional Energy Policies and Energy Investment Plans
Estimated Financing Needs: USD 6.5 mill
Timeframe: 2012-15
| a) Policies and investment plans to include time bound targets for alternative and renewable energy sourcesb) Targeted capacity building programme in the areas of Renewables/ Alternative Energy
Estimated Financing Needs: USD 2.5 mill
Timeframe: 2012-16
| a) Government to lead and own the policies, investment plans and capacity development programmes.b) Private sector to participate and commit to the policies and investment plansc) Development partners to facilitate and provide technical and financial support; build capacities in the energy sector |
| Energy Infrastructure Rehabilitation and Expansion | a) Prepare an inventory of assets, repair needs with costing.b) Repair and Rehabilitate the existing infrastructure with joint ventures of national and international contractors. Such ventures to build capacities of local private sector.c) Extend properly designed Energy Infrastructure to areas gaining peace
Estimated Financing Needs: USD 150.0 mill
Timeframe: 2012-16
| a) Increase generation capacities by adding small and medium sized on-grid/off-grid renewable energy based systems.b) Increase energy efficiencies of the existing generation and distribution network.
Estimated Financing Needs: USD 30.0 mill
Timeframe: 2012-15
| a) Government to prioritise and develop phased programme for the rehabilitation of existing systems.b) Private sector to rehabilitate and cooperate for the rehabilitation of the energy systems under their operations; link the projects with Energy Service Companies (ESCOs) concepts; Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP) and Sustainable Energy for All (SE4A) Initiative of UNSG.c) Development partners to link up with global programmes on RE and EE; provide technical and financial support for rehabilitation and expansion of infrastructure; ensure equity in investments across geographical areas and population groups. |
| Prioritisation and Integration | a) Investments in social and productive sectors to include access to modern sources of energy. Estimated Financing Needs: USD 40.0 mill
Timeframe: 2012-15
| a) Tested renewable and energy efficient technologies to be promoted as part of social and productive sector investments at the local levels. Estimated Financing Needs: USD 20.0 mill
Timeframe: 2012-15
| a) Governments to integrate alternative energy and energy efficiency in conflict management strategies and stabilisation plans.b) Civil Society and Private sector to integrate alternative energy and energy efficiency across their programmesc) Development partners to integrate energy access and diversification as a priority in country programme documents/strategies. |
| Technology and Human Resources | a) Market facilitation for the promotion of alternative energy sources.b) Introduce energy efficient cook stoves in urban and rural areas.c) Gender balanced vocational and University level trainings in the areas of renewable energy, energy efficiency, electrical systems management, electrical engineering and allied fields
Estimated Financing Needs: USD 25 mill
Timeframe: 2012-15
| a) Setting up of LPG filling and distribution network on major ports and in-countryb) Gender balanced vocational and University level trainings in renewable/alternative energy technologies
Estimated Financing Needs: USD 25 mill
Timeframe: 2012-15
| a) Government to announce incentives for investments in energy sector; Government to establish or revitalize vocational institutions, universities and research organisations in Science and Technologyb) Private universities to introduce renewable energy, electrical engineering and allied fields degree programmes.c) Development partners to facilitate in linking up with the international companies for the promotion of tested renewable energy technologies, introduction of training modules and employment creation in the energy sector. |
| Investment Planning and Financing | a) Allocate funds in line with the costing for the energy sector projects.b) Establish “One Window Operation” to be managed by the government and UN for facilitating private sector investments in the energy sector.c) Use micro-finance to set up small businesses on energy appliances for the potential men and women entrepreneurs.
Estimated Financing Needs: USD 1.0 mill in Technical Assistance
Timeframe: 2012-13
| a) Establish Somalia Energy Fund to cover risks on investment and extend start-up grants for alternative energy.b) Allocate at least 15% of the capital under Investment Guarantee Fund to promote new and renewable energy sources.
Estimated Financing Needs: USD 0.5 million in Technical Assistance
Timeframe: 2012-13
| a) Government to agree on setting up of “One Window Operation” for private sector investments; Government to set-up Somalia Energy Fund with a balanced governing structure.b) Development partners to allocate funds for investments in energy sector and towards the fund; development partners to help the government in setting up of the “One Window Operations” and Somalia Energy Fund in line with the global best practices. |
II. ISTANBUL CONFERENCE ON SOMALIA
(31 May-1 June 2012, ISTANBUL)
ADMINISTRATIVE ARRANGEMENTS
- II. Istanbul Conference on Somalia will be held in Istanbul on 31 May-1 June 2012.
- Conference Venue: Istanbul Congress Center.
- Participating Delegations are expected to cover their international travel expenses and accommodation costs in Istanbul.
- Turkey will cover the accommodation expenses of the Delegations from LDC/Sub Saharan African countries on the following basis:
If the Head of Delegation is Head of State/Prime Minister/Vice Prime Minister/Minister:
Accomodation: Head of Delegation + 3 members of the Delegation.
Travel expenses: Business class for the Head of Delegation and economy class for 3 members of the Delegation.
If the Head of Delegation is under the level of Minister:
Accomodation: Head of Delegation + 1 member of the Delegation.
Travel expenses: Business class for the Head of Delegation and economy class for 1 member of the Delegation.
- Hotels: Block reservations have been made at the Conrad Hotel and Hilton Hotel.
- Transportation: Turkey will provide transportation for the Delegations from LDC/Sub-Saharan African countries ( 1 car and 1 van) and arrange their airport transfers.
-Hüseyin Özbaş, Attaché at the Department for East Africa, tel: + 90 312 248 72 30
-Enes Arısoy, Administrative Attaché in the Department for East Africa, tel : +90 312 248 72 24, e-mail:
enes.arisoy@mfa.gov.tr, fax : +90 312 292 27 66
- Arrivals and Departures: Participating countries should provide the information concerning the arrivals and departures of the delegations in due time to the contact point indicating whether it is a special flight or commercial flight. For the special flights, the necessary flight permissions have to be obtained from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey. Accredited Turkish missions will provide the necessary assistance.
- Interpretation: The languages of the Summit will be English, French, Arabic and Turkish. Simultaneous translation in English, French, Arabic and Turkish will be provided by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey.
- For the Heads of Delegation a cultural and touristic trip to Izmir-Çesme-Ephesus will be organized by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey on 2-3 June 2012. The program of the trip is attached. The expenses will be fully covered by the Ministry.
Confirmation of the Participation:
- In order to finalize the preparations of the Conference, the official participation responses of the Heads of State or Government/Ministers/Heads of International Organizations including information regarding the composition of their Delegations are requested not later than 25 May 2012.
Recommended Hotels in Istanbul:
Block reservations have been made at the hotels mentioned below. Delegations are requested to make their own hotel reservations by contacting the hotels directly mentioning the II. Istanbul Conference on Somalia.
Conrad Otel:
Cihannüma Cad. Saray Mah. No:5 34353 Beşiktaş – İstanbul / Türkiye
Mrs. Ferah Yağan
Phone: +90 212 310 25 25
Mobile : +90 533 484 49 29
Fax: +90 212 227 34 06
E-mail: ferah.yagan@conradhotels.com
Hilton Otel:
Cumhuriyet Cad. 34367
Harbiye – İstanbul / Türkiye
Mr. Serkan Yalçınkaya
Phone: +90 0212 310 25 25
Mobile : +90 530 403 24 68
Fax: +90 212 227 34 06
E-mail: serkan.yalcinkaya@conradhotels.com
II. ISTANBUL CONFERENCE ON SOMALIA
(31 May-1 June 2012-Istanbul)
DELEGATIONS INFORMATION FORM
DELEGATION
CONTACT POINT
Name : ……………………………………………………………..
Phone : ……………………………………………………………..
Fax : ……………………………………………………………..
E-mail : ……………………………………………………………..
Mobile phone : ……………………………………………………………..
Tarih: ……………………..
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II. ISTANBUL CONFERENCE ON SOMALIA
(31 May-1 June 2012-Istanbul)
DELEGATION FORM
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Partnership Forum on Roads
Preparing Somalia’s Future: Goals for 2015
Second Istanbul Conference, Turkey
Partnership Forum on 31 May2012
10.30 am to 3.00 pm
Conference Paper on Roads
CONFERENCE PAPER FOR THE PARTNERSHIP FORUM ON ROADS
31st May 2012, 10.30 am to 15.00
Objective:
The Partnership Forum on Roads has been assembled to deliberate and commit to a sustainable road sector strategy for Somalia. A consolidated and strengthened road sector aligns with broader ambitions of employment-led economic growth, accelerated trade, reinforced livelihoods, strengthened resilience and political stability.
Outcome and Deliverables:
- All participants, on behalf of their constituencies, commit to a time-bound strategy for road sector development – “Goals for 2015”. The plan is to consider:
- Strengthening/establishing autonomous road agencies with defined roles and responsibilities.
- Strengthening/establishing road sector policy, legislation, regulation, maintenance and financial management procedures.
- Formalising/executing a Transport Master Plan(s) to articulate the sector’s long-term goals and outline a network plan for investment prioritisation.
- Improving/institutionalising the conduct of road inventories.
- Instilling/reinforcing road design standards, specifications and quality assurance mechanisms.
- Applying/supporting employment intensive and local resource based approaches to road construction and maintenance.
- Creating/enhancing the conditions for private investment and public-private partnership.
- Engaging private sector investment for the public interest.
- Building local private sector capacity to undertake civil works contracts.
Agenda:
Time
|
Session
|
| 10.30-11.00 | Introductory Speeches: The status of the road sector in Somalia |
|
11.00-11.45
Presentation of the road sector conference paper
Plenary Discussion11.45-12.30
Plenary: Discussion/endorsement of priorities:
ü Rational Allocation of Investment Resources
ü Balanced Investment12.30-13.30
Lunch Break
13.30-14.30Plenary: Discussion/endorsement of priorities:
ü Private Sector Opportunities
ü Assessing & Managing Project Risks
ü Improving Road Sector Governance14.30 – 15.00Plenary: Discussion/endorsement of:
ü Recommendations
ü The way forward15.00Adjourn
Approximately 80% of Somalia’s 2200km road network is in state of serious fragility or near collapse. Fundamental to any internal movement, the inadequacy of this transport system restricts access to basic services (and humanitarian operations), stifles domestic, regional and international enterprise and imposes a ceiling on employment and economic growth. The failing condition of over 90% of the 19200 km secondary and tertiary road network further isolates towns, villages and market centres and encumbers the movement of people and goods for trade and commerce.
Indispensible to social and economic progress, roads provide one of the few sectors which can impel employment-led economic growth, accelerate trade, elevate livelihoods, support resilience, unite regions and encourage stability – “trade for peace and prosperity”. Investment in Somalia’s road network is therefore a clear and immediate priority for enabling equitable development, building reconciliation and granting Somalis the ability to support themselves.
The strategy presented here incorporates contributions from UN agencies, international donors, the World Bank, Somali authorities, private sector contractors and community based organisations. The core elements of the strategy are as follows:
Road construction and rehabilitation needs to be rationalised and prioritised according to;
United Nations Joint Programme for Local Governance and Decentralised Service Delivery (2011). Ministry of Public Works, Housing & Transport, Puntland –Institutional Capacity Assessment.
United Nations Joint Programme for Local Governance & Decentralised Service Delivery (2012). Road Sector Study, Puntland.
United Nations Joint Programme of Local Governance & Decentralised Service Delivery (2012). Road Sector Study, Somaliland.
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Aamiin Hassan Daacad
Xulalka Germany Iyo Portugal ayaa caawa ka soo baxay Group B waxeeyna Kulamo ay la ciyaareyn laba Xul ee daaqada ka baxay ee Denmar iyo Xulka aan Dhibic ka qaaday Koobka Euro 2012 ee Holland.
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Laasqoray(Waaheen) Dagaal subaxnimadii shalay dhex maray ciidanka ilaalada xeebaha gobolka Sanaag iyo laba markab oo kasoo kicitimay dhinaca magaalada Cadan ee dalka Yemen una soo jeeda dhinaca magaalada Laasqoray ee ku taal xeebta waqooyiga gobolka Sanaag waxa ku dhaawacmay inta la hubo hal askari oo dhinaca ciidanka ilaalada xeebaha Somaliland ah halka dhinaca maraakiibta oo sida la sheegayo ay saarnaayeen rag hubaysani iyaga aan la ogayn ilaa hadda wax khasaare ah oo gaadhey.
Hargeysa(Waaheen) Garyaqaano caalami ah oo ay qabsatay shirkaddaha Total Mer Rouge iyo PIL oo maamuli jiray haamaha shidaalka ee Berbera intaanu Madaxweyne Axmed Silaanyo ku guulaysan tartankii madaxtinimada ka dibna ka qaaday shirkadahaa maamulka haamaha ayaa bishii February ee ina soo dhaaftay ku wargeliyey Madaxweynaha Somaliland inay dacwad ku soo oogi doonaan Jumhuuriyadda Somaliland. Waxay Garyaqaanadaa u doodaya Total ku eedaynayaan xukuumadda Somaliland “Dhac Hanti gaar ah”.
Istanbul(Waaheen) Shirkii Dawladda Turkigu u qabatay kooxaha Somaliya ayaa labadii cisho ee loo qabtay soo gabagabowday shalay kadib markii la dhamaystiray qorshayaashii looga baahnaa dhinacyada Somalida in loo bandhigo si ay ugu camal falaan.
Hargeysa(Waaheen) Agaasimaha Hay’adda ka shaqaysa Horumarinta Deegaanka Axmed Ibrahim Awaleh ayay Ciidamadda Booliiska iyo kuwo CID ahi xalay ku xidheen xarunta CID-da ee Hargeysa.
Berbera(BCT)-Waxa Galabta ku Geeriyooday Cisbitaalka guud ee Magaalada Berbera Marxuum Cali Bul-bul oo ahaa Maamulihii Kastamka Berbera, kaasoo galabta saddexdii Gaadhi uu Watay kula dhacay meel wax yar u jirta Kaantaroolka Berbera.
Lasqoray(Waaheen)-Iska hor imaad ayaa maanta dhex maray ciidamada ilaalada xeebaha Somaliland iyo Maraakiib ku soo jeeday Magaalada Laasqoray ee Gobolka Sanaag.
Hargeysa(Waaheen) Akhristayaasha sharafta leh ee Waaheen, waxa aanu halkan ugu soo bandhigaynaa dhamaan Ajandayaasha iyo Qorshaha Turkigu ku hagayo shirka labada cisho uga socda qaybaha Somaliya oo dhan dalkiisa iyo gunaanadka shirk aka soo baxaya maanta oo dhamaantii ahaa wax sii qorshaysan oo ay ka wada shaqeeyeen Turkiga, Dawladda ku meel gaadhka ah ee Somaliya iyo Bankiga Adduunka iyo Qaramadda Midoobay.
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