Sunday, June 17, 2012

Xulalka Germany Iyo Portugal Oo Ka Soo Baxay Group B, Denmark Iyo Holland oo DIRIDA CUNAY


Xulalka Germany Iyo Portugal Oo Ka Soo Baxay Group B, Denmark Iyo Holland oo Daaqada Ka Baxay.

Xulalka Germany Iyo Portugal ayaa caawa ka soo baxay Group B waxeeyna Kulamo ay la ciyaareyn laba Xul ee daaqada ka baxay ee Denmar iyo Xulka aan Dhibic ka qaaday Koobka Euro 2012 ee Holland.
Ciyaar aad u xiisa Badan oo Dhexmartay Xulalka Germany iyo Denmark ayaa ku soo idlaatay Natiijada Ciyaarta Germany 2 1 Denmark Taas oo ka dhigeeyso in Xulka Germany 3 Kulan iyo 9 Dhibcood uu kaga soo baxo Group B iyo Xulka Denmar oo asne 3 Kulan iyo 3 Dhibcood ayuuna ku haray.
Dhanka Kale Xulka Caawa Hamiga Weyn is galshay ee rabay in uu Dardaro Xulka Portugal ee Holland ayaa caawa Guuldaradii Saddexaad la dhadhan siiyay Waxaana Caawa Daaqada toos uga tuuray Cristiano Ronaldo oo Laba Gool oo midba kan kale ka qatarsan ka dhaliyay waxuuna caawa Xulkiisa ka caawiyay in uu ka soo saaro Group B.
Xulka Portugal ayaa ka faa’ideestay Guuldarada soo gaartay Xulka Denmark waxuuna si fudud uga talaabay Xulka Holland kadib Ciyaar ay kaga hor yimaadeen oo ku dhamaatay Portugal 2 1 Holland.
Sida loo kala sareeyo Group-kaan.
Group B:
Germany              9 Dhibcood
Portugal                6 Dhibcood
Denmark              3 Dhibcood
Holland                0
Laba Xul ee ka soo baxay Group B waxeey la ciyaari doonaa Labada Xul ee ka soo baxay Xalay Group A.
Czech Republic Vs Portugal
Germany Vs Greece
The main man: Ronaldo
Safe passage: Portugal celebrate Ronaldo's second goal which sees them navigate a tough group
Hope: Rafael van der Vaart unleashes an unstoppable drive past Rui Patricio, sparking wild scenes of celebration� No chance: PatricioGreat start: Van der Vaart
On the money: Cristiano Ronaldo makes no mistake, beating Maarten Stekelenburg, despite the attentions of Ron Vlaar
On the money: Cristiano Ronaldo makes no mistake, beating Maarten Stekelenburg, despite the attentions of Ron Vlaar� The dream dies: Maarten Stekelenburg (left) and teammate Ron Vlaar react
DABAAL DAGA XULKA GERMANY
Party time: Germany celebrate Lukas Podolski's opening goal against DenmarkTon up: Podolski slams the ball home to cap his 100th appearance for Germany with a goal
Level pegging: Denmark's Michael Krohn-Dehli (left) scores the equaliser against GermanyLevel pegging: Denmark's Michael Krohn-Dehli (left) scores the equaliser against Germany
He's in there somewhere: Denmark celebrate their equaliser against Germany
Ups and downs: Germany celebrate Bender's winner but Denmark are dejected after being knocked out

Barcelona Oo La Soo Wareegtay Xiddig Mucjiso Ah Oo Aad U Da’ Yar Oo U Dhashay Dalka Brazil.


Barcelona Oo La Soo Wareegtay Xiddig Mucjiso Ah Oo Aad U Da’ Yar Oo U Dhashay Dalka Brazil.

Barcelona ayaa xaqiijisay inay la soo saxiideen xidig aad u da’  yar oo kasoo jeeda dalka ku caan baxay ciyaarista kubada cagta ee Brazil ciyaaryahan Artur Miani ayaana ah xidig mustaqbal ifaaya ku leh ciyaarta kubada cagta mustaqbalka fog.
Miani ayay la yaab ku noqtay in lagu daro akadeemiyada aduunka ugu caansan ee La Masia bishii May ka dib markii gabar la dhalatay ay ka shaqo bilowday website-ka rasmiga ah ee kooxda reer Spain.
Waxa uu helay warqad ka socota Barcelna jimcadii taas oo u xaqiijineysa inuu ku baasay tijaabooyin uuna kusoo biiri karo akadeemiyada kooxda bisha September.
“Tani waa sharaf aad u weyn,” aabaha dhalay Artur  Adilson Miani ayaa u sheegay Globoesporte.
“Wuu ciyaaray kulankii caruurta nolashiisa ma uusan arkin tan ka hor.
“Waxa uu u adkeystay safarka. Aad ayaan u faraxsanahay”
“Wiilkeyga waxaa ogolaansho uu ka helay mid ka mid ah kooxaha ugu waa weyn caalamka”
“Waa lix sano  jir, sidaas darted ma awoodi karo inuu kaligiis socdo.Mana Ka tegi karo wadanka hadda, sidaas darted hooyadiisa ayaa inta badan la joogi doona halkaas.”

Ricardo Kaka Oo Laga Yaabo Inuu Ku Laabto Kooxdiisii Hore Ee AC Milan.


Ricardo Kaka Oo Laga Yaabo Inuu Ku Laabto Kooxdiisii Hore Ee AC Milan.

Waxaa jirar warar xan ah oo xiiso leh oo ku aadan in Ricky Kaka laga yaabo inuu ku laabto Milan ka dib seddex sanno ka hor markii uu 70 milyan Euro uga tagay kuna biiray Real Madrid.
Ciyaaryahanka reer Brazil ayaa loo iibiyay si ay dhaqaale u hesho Rossoneri bishii June 2009kii, lakiin waxa uu waayay qaab ciyaareedkiisii hore madaama uu dhaawac daashaday.
Sida ay qoreyso Corriere dello Sport, Kaka ayaa diyaar u ah inuu ka tago Madrid islamarkaana uu burburiyo qandaraaskiisa.
Waxaana wargeyska uu sheegayaa in kooxda reer Spain xitaa ay dani ugu jirto arintaas, madaama ay u harsan tahay seddex sanno oo ay mushahar ahaan ciyaaryahanka u siinayaan xilli ciyaareedkii 11 milyan euro.
Waxaa sidoo kale lagu soo waramayaa in Kaka laga yaabo inuu bedelo Zlatan Ibrahimovic, kaasoo laga yaabo in laga iibiyo Madrid si ay dib u midoobaan isaga iyo Jose Mourinho oo Inter ku soo wada shaqeeyay.

Falanqeynta Kulanka Xiisaha Leh Ee Group B Euro 2012 Ee Denmark v Germany.


Falanqeynta Kulanka Xiisaha Leh Ee Group B Euro 2012 Ee Denmark v Germany.

Ciyaaryahanka garabka uga ciyaara xulka Denmark  Dennis Rommedahl ayaa seegi doona kulanka ay xulkiisu ku wajihi doonaan hogaamiyayaasha Group B Germany sababo la xiriira dhaawac cajirka kasoo gaaray ciyaaryahanka.
Tobias Mikkelsen oo ahaa ciyaaryahankii lagu soo bedelay Rommedahl kulankii ay 3-2 guul darro ah kala kulmeen Portugal ayaa kusoo bilaaban kara iyadoona uu meesha ku jiro ninka dhowaan ay lasoo saxiixatay kooxda Ajax ee Lasse Schone halka Niki Zimling uu ku xeyn daabah yahay dhaawac Kubka ah.
Tababaraha xulka Jarmalka Joachim Low ayaa isbedel xoog badan ku sameyn doona difaaciisa isagoo kasoo tegi doona Jerome Boateng kaasoo ganaax ku maqan ka dib markii uu qaatay hurdigii labaad kulankii ay 2-1 guusha uga gaareen xulka Netherlands.
52 jirkaani ayaana laga yaabaa inuu u isticmaalo garabka midig midkood Howedes ama ninka qadka dhexe Lars Bender,waxaana dhici karta inuu Kabtan Philipp Lahm ciyaarsiiyo booska difaaca midig halka ciyaaryahanka kooxda Borussia Dortmund  Marcel Schmelzer la siin karo booska difaaca bidix.
LINE-UPKA MACQUULKA AH:
DENMARK: AndersenJacobsen, Kjaer, Agger, S PoulsenKvist, J Poulsen;Mikkelsen, Eriksen, Krohn-Dehli; Bendtner
GERMANY: NeuerBender, Hummels, Badstuber, Lahm ; Khedira, SchweinsteigerMuller, Ozil, Podolski;Gomez
Ma ogtahay ?
  • Denmark� 25 kulan oo ay ka horyimaadeen Germany waxay guuleysteen 8 jeer sedax jeerna Barbaro ayey la galeen halka ay guul darro kasoo gaartay 14 jeer,si kastaba ma aysan kala kulmin guul darro sedaxdoodii kulan ee ugu dambeysay oo ay ka horyimaadeen Jarmalka 2 jeer way garaaceen halka ay marka kale barbaro ku kala bexeen.
  • Wiilasha Morten Olsen ayaana qarka usaaran inay usoo gudbaan wareega sideed dhamadka hadii ay garaacaan deriskooda ama ay barbaro ka helaan Taasi lidkeeda waxayse u baahnaan doonaan in Netherlands ay garaacdo Portugal.
  • Denmark marnaba lagama badin kulan Euro ah iyadoo gool ku hormartay, waxa ay badiyeen lix jeer afar jeerna barbaro ayay galeen.
  • Simon Poulsen, William Kvist, Lars  Jacobsen iyo  Jakob Poulsen ayaa min hal jaale u jira ganaax.
  • Kulankii ugu danbeeyay ee tartan rasmi ah ee ay Jarmalku la ciyaaraan Denmark waxa ay aheyd finalkii Euro 1992,  markaasoo 2-0 looga badiyay, waana koobka Euro ee kaliya ay qaaday Denmark.
  • Germany barbaro ayaa u dhiibi kara hugaanka Group B, hadii ay guuldarro soo gaarto ayana Portugal soo garaacdo Holland Germany daaqada ayey ka bixi doonaan.
  • Lukas Podolski hadii uu ciyaaro kulanka caawa waa kulankisii 100 uu u safto xulka qaranka Germany isaagoo ka dambeeya ninka kaalinta Todobaad ee Mannschaft , Thomas Hassler, Franz Beckenbauer, Jurgen Kohler, Jurgen Klinsmann, Lothar Mathaus iyo Miroslav Klose.
  • Holger Badstuber ayaa hal hurdi u jira inuu ganaax ku seego kulanka xiga hadii ay xulkiiso soo baxaan caawa.

Saturday, June 2, 2012

Ciidamadda Puntland oo Badda iyo Berrigaba ka soo weeraray Laasqoray, Askari ka tirsan Somaliland-na ku dhaawacday


Ciidamadda Puntland oo Badda iyo Berrigaba ka soo weeraray Laasqoray, Askari ka tirsan Somaliland-na ku dhaawacday

Waxay la wareegeen gacan ku hanta Laasqoray markay Somaliland digniino laga siiyay ka gaashaaman weyday
Laasqoray(Waaheen) Dagaal subaxnimadii shalay  dhex maray ciidanka ilaalada xeebaha gobolka Sanaag iyo laba markab oo kasoo kicitimay dhinaca magaalada Cadan ee dalka Yemen una soo jeeda dhinaca magaalada Laasqoray ee ku taal xeebta waqooyiga gobolka Sanaag waxa ku dhaawacmay inta la hubo hal askari oo dhinaca ciidanka ilaalada xeebaha Somaliland ah halka dhinaca maraakiibta oo sida la sheegayo ay saarnaayeen rag hubaysani iyaga aan la ogayn ilaa hadda wax khasaare ah oo gaadhey.
“Hal askari ayaa nagaga dhaawacmay annaga iyagase (maraakiibta) war uma hayno waxana maraakiibtan saarnaa rag hubaysan oo rasaas nagu furay”. Sidaas waxa yidhi Taliyaha ciidanka ilaalada xeebaha gobolka Sanaag Maxamed Yuusuf (Otor) oo isagoo sida uu sheegay dhexda ku sii jira una sii jeeda Ceerigaabo aannu khadka telefoonka kula xidhiidhnay.
Maraakiibtan oo laba ah ayaa la sheegayaa inay sideen qalab loogu tala galay deked cusub oo Laasqoray laga samaynayo sidoo kalena ay jiidanayeen guryo samaysan oo loogu tala galay degsiimada hawlwadeennada dekeddan, waxayna si nabad ah ugu soo xidheen kuna sugan yihiin gudaha magaalada Laasqoray.
Dhinaca kale ciidammo xooggan oo adeegsanaya baabuur iyo xataa laashash qoryo saaran yihiin oo dhinaca Puntland kasoo jeeda ayaa iyaguna halkaas u jooga xoojinta iyo sugitaanka socodsiinta hawlaha dekeddan cusub kuwaas oo sida la sheegay waqtigan difaac kaga jidha meel (Xaydhayeele) jahada galbeed ka xigta Laasqoray.
Waxana taas barbar socota guud ahaan bulshada degaankaas ku dhaqan oo markoooda horeba gacan siinayey shakhsiyaadka dhinaca Puntland ee hawshan dhexda u xidhayoo ay ka mid yihiin Wasiirka Arrimaha Gudaha Gen-C/laahi Axmed Jaamac (Ilkajiir). Guddoomiyihii hore ee Baarlammaanka Puntland Axmed Cali Xaashi, Ganacsade-Feysal Xawar iyo saraakiil kale ayaa haddana waqtigan waxay si weyn dareen cadho leh ka muujinayaan dagaalkan dhexmaray maraakiibtan iyo ciidanka ilaalada xeebaha Somaliland “Annaga ka sokow Puntlad ama Somaliland weerarkan Ina Otor si xooggan ayuu degaan ahaan noo taabtay”. Sidaas waxa yidhi mid ka mid ah odayaasha degaanka Laasqoray kasoo jeeda.
Taliyaha ciidanka qaranka gobolka Sanaag Suldaan-Muuse Jaamac (Delef) oo isagana aannu wax ka weydiinney warar sheegaya in ciidanka qaranka ee fadhigoodu yahay Laasqoray ay qayb ka yihiin oo ay taageerayaan ciidanka Puntland ee difaaca ugu jira Somaliland ayaa yidhi “Arrintaas waxba kama jiraan”. Wuxuse taliyuhu qiray inuu jiro xidhiidh dhexmaray isaga iyo shakhsiyaadka taageersan Puntland ee Laasqoray ku sugan isagoo yidhi “Haa Feysal Xawar waa ila soo xidhiidhay oo waxan ku idhi majiro dagaal Somaliland oo xilligan Laasqoray kusoo jahaysani”.
Dhinaca kalenaTaliye ku xigeenka ciidanka Ilaalada Xeebaha Somaliland Col. Cabdi Xirsi Ducaale oo aanu Khadka Talefoonka kula xidhiidhnay si aanu arintaasi wax uga waydiino, ayaa xaqiijiyay inay Ciidankooda isku dhaceen Dablay hubaysan oo la socday Maraakiib ku soo jeeday Degmada laasqoray, kuwaasoo ilaa hada ujeedada ay halkaasi u imanayeen aan la ogayn.
Taliyuhu waxa uu sheegay inay Ciidankoodu joojiyeen Maraakiibtaasi, ka dibna Rasaas loogu jawaabay, taasina ay dhalisay iska hor imaadkaasi.

Total Mer Rouge oo Sheegtay inay Dacwad ku soo Oogayso Jamhuriyadda Somaliland



Total Mer Rouge oo Sheegtay inay Dacwad ku soo Oogayso Jamhuriyadda Somaliland

Hargeysa(Waaheen) Garyaqaano caalami ah oo ay qabsatay shirkaddaha Total Mer Rouge iyo PIL oo maamuli jiray haamaha shidaalka ee Berbera intaanu Madaxweyne Axmed Silaanyo ku guulaysan tartankii madaxtinimada ka dibna ka qaaday shirkadahaa maamulka haamaha ayaa bishii February ee ina soo dhaaftay ku wargeliyey Madaxweynaha Somaliland inay dacwad ku soo oogi doonaan Jumhuuriyadda Somaliland.  Waxay Garyaqaanadaa u doodaya Total ku eedaynayaan xukuumadda Somaliland “Dhac Hanti gaar ah”.
Garyaqaanada Total oo ah shirkad caalami ah laguna magacaabo Trilat and Associates ayaa sidaa ku wargeliyey madaxweynaha Somaliland iyaga oo warqad toos ah u soo diray 10kii February 2012, warqadaas oo cinwaan ahaan ahayd “dembi la xidhiidha heshiis burin iyo ku xad gudub sharciyada caalamka iyo kuwa Somaliland-ba”
Waxay garyaqaanada Total iyo PIL aad uga cawdeen jawaab la’aan dhinaca Somaliland waraaqo hore oo ay u soo direen xukuummadda SiIlaanyo iyo iyaga oo diiday inay la kulmaan dhibanayaasha oo dhawr goor isku dayey inay la kulmaan madaxda Somaliland.
Waxay sheegeen inay waraaqo hore u qoreen 1dii December Madaxweyanaha iyo Wasiirka Arrimaha Dibedda iyo kulamo ay la yeesheen saraakiil Somaliland ah 3dii iyo 4tii December oo aanay waxba la isku afgaran.
Xogaha dheeraadka ah ee ay Waaheen heshay ayaa tilmaamaya in bishii diicember ee ina soo dhaaftay ay afar xubnood oo ka socda Total iyo qaryaqaanadoodu ay yimaadeen Hargeysa balse la iska hortaagay inay la kulmaan madaxweynaha Somaliland iyada oo amarka lagu buriyey heshiiskii Total oo ka soo baxay madaxweynaha iyada oo aan diidmadaa loo sababayn Total ay faramadhinna kala noqdaan.
Dacwaddan ay Total iyo PIl ku soo oogayaan Somaliland ayaa laga yaabaa in haddii ay sii socoto cabsi gelin doonto shirkadaha badan ee wakhtigan xaadirka damacsan inay maalgashi gelayaan Somaliland.
Ka dib markii laga wareejiyey maamulkii haamaha Shirkadda PIl iyo Total ayey dawaladda Somaliland u xilsaartay guddi wasiira ah inay ka taliyaan maamulka haamahaas.  Ilaa imika si cad looguma wareejin haamahaa shirkad kale.  Warar aan sugnayn ayaa hase yeeshee sheegaya in laba shirkadood oo mid ka mid ah ay leeyihiin ganacsadayaal Somali ah oo deggan dalka Kenya oo la yidhaado HASS iyo mid kale oo dhawaan la abuuray oo uu leeyahay Maal-qabeen Somaliyeed oo deggan dalka Ingirisku ay tartan ugu jiraan la wareegida Haamahaas.
Waxay in badan mucaaridka Somaliland ka caban jireen in shirkadda Total ay cashuur dul-saar ah oo ay kula noqonayso maalgashigooda ay qaadan jireen, hase yeeshee intii maamulka laga wareejiyey TOTAL lama sheegin meel lagu joojiyey cashuurtaas dulsaarka ah iyo meesha ay imika gasho.

AMISOM oo Maanta Addis ku dejinaya Qorshe Afar Aag Lagaga Weerarayo Deegaamada ay Al-shabaab ku Hadhay ee Somaliya


AMISOM oo Maanta Addis ku dejinaya Qorshe Afar Aag Lagaga Weerarayo Deegaamada ay Al-shabaab ku Hadhay ee Somaliya

Addis-ababa(Waaheen)-Xarunta Midowga Afrika ee Magaalada Adis ababa waxa maanta lagu wadaa inuu ka furmo kulan shan Geesood ah oo ay wada yeelanayaan dalalka ay ciidamadu ka jioogaan Soomaaliya ee amisom.
Kulankan oo ay goob-joog ka noqonayaan Wadamada UGANDA, KENYA, ITOOBIYA, JABUUTI iyo BURUNDI ayaa lagaga arinsanayaa wejiga labaad ee dagaalada ka dhanka ah kooxda Al-shabaab ee wali haysta gobolada Koonfureed magaalooyin ka mid ah, qaarna lagala wareegay bilihii ugu dambeeyay.
Warar ku dhow dhow shirka ayaa sheegaya in waxyaabaha ugu mihiimsan ee lagu soo qaadayo ka mid yahay qorshe ah in alshabaab lagu furo 4 aag oo cusub, ka dib markii maalmihii u danbeeyay ciidamada al-shabaab laga saaray Degmada Afgooye iyo Afmadow.
Wakaalada wararka Itoobiya ee ENA ayaa shaacisay in saraakiil ka socotay dalalka Uganda,Itoobiya,Kenya,Burindi iyo Jabuuti kulanka Maanta ka qeybgalayaan, kuwaasoo soo bandhigi doona sidii loo dedejin lahaa weeraro qorsheysan oo 4 aag lagaga qaado degmooyinka ay wali gacanta ku hayaan al-shabaab.
Wararka ayaa intaasi ku daraya in bisha June amisom ay qorsheyeneyo fulinta qorshaha ay 4-ta aag ugu fureyso a-lshabaab, kaasoo lagu bartilmaameedsan doono degmooyinka ay ka mid yihiin Balcad,Baraawe Marka, deegaanada Bay iyo Bakool, iyo dhanka Gedo

Wasiiradii Somaliland ee Shirka Turkiga tegay oo ku dhex Libdhay qorshaha dibu-dhiska Somaliweyn


Wasiiradii Somaliland ee Shirka Turkiga tegay oo ku dhex Libdhay qorshaha dibu-dhiska Somaliweyn

Istanbul(Waaheen) Shirkii Dawladda Turkigu u qabatay kooxaha Somaliya ayaa labadii cisho ee loo qabtay soo gabagabowday shalay kadib markii la dhamaystiray qorshayaashii looga baahnaa dhinacyada Somalida in loo bandhigo si ay ugu camal falaan.
Shirkan oo mudadii uu socday kooxo loo qaybiyay ka soo qayb galayaashii Somaliyeed  oo isugu jiray Maamul Goboleedyo, Dawladda TFG, Somaliland iyo Oday dhaqameed isla markaana loo yeedhiyay Barnaamijyadda lagu dhaqi doono mustaqbalka dhaw ayaa ku soo xidhmay jawi degan oo ay ku wada qanceen ka soo qayb galayaashu.
Shirka ayaa sida ka muuqatay ahaa mid u shidan Dawladda TFG-da oo kaliya oo habayaraatee aanay ka muuqan Maamul Goboleedyadda iyo Somaliland Midkood-na, tusaale ahaana hadalada xafladihii lagu furayay iyo kuwii lagu xidhayayba wax aka jeediyay Raysal Wasaare Gaas iyo Madaxweyne Faroole, halka ay beesha Caalamkana Baanka Adduunka iyo Qaramada Middoobay door weyn ku lahaayeen.
Sidoo kale Dawladda Turkiga ee shirka Martigelisay ayaa dedaal dheeraad ah ka muujisay shirkaasi iyadoo u hagar baxday qaabilaada iyo sooryaynta Martida Somaaliyeed iyo kuwa Caalamka uga socdayba, iyadoo mudadii uu shirku socday adduunyadda u muujisay cududeeda ay ku doonayso inay Somaaliya wax kaga qabato.
Si kasta ha ahaatee dadweynaha Reer Somaliland oo ay ka dhur sugayay weftigii uu Madaxweyanahoodu Axmed Siilaanyo u diray shirkaas oo markoodii hore ahaa afar wasiir balse sadex ka mid ahi tageen sida la saadaalinayo ayaan dareeno hoose ka muujiyay ka qayb galka shirkaasi kadib markii ay ka arki waayeen Casuumaddii uu wasiirka Arrimaha Dibeda Somaliland Maxamed C/laahi u sheegay inay Dawladda Turkigu u fidisay maalmo kadib uun markii uu ku dhawaaqay inuu qaadacay isagoo sheegay Meeqaamka la inagu casuumay inaanu ahayn mid inoo cuntama balse hadana aan la hayni dhawaqii uu ku baxay xaqiiqadiisa.
Dadweynaha Reer Somaliland, waxa u quus gooyay haddiiba ay ka sugu lahaayeen weftiga Wasiiradda Somaliland hadalo ay ku nayaayiroodaan marka ay soo noqdaan wixii ay ka arkayeen shirka oo ahayd inaanay weftigaas iska daa hadal laga siiyee aanay ka dhex muuqanba Shirka.
Wararka laga soo tabinayo weftiga Somaliland ayaa sheegaya in ay ka qayb galeen labadii maalmoodba Shirka, halka uu wasiirka Arrimaha dibedda Somaliland ka sheegay inay ka qayb gali doonaan oo kaliya wajiga koowaad ee shirka balse waxa muuqata inuu shirku ahaa uun mid kaliya oo ujeedo qudha loogu qabtay Kooxaha Somaliya. Iyadoo gidaar kasta lagu xardhay khariiradda Somaliya oo ay ku jirto Somaliland-na.
Xukuumadda Somaliland ilaa hada wax war ah kamay soo saarin shirkaasi iyo waxa ay kala kulmeen toona hase yeeshee sida ay Bulshada inteeda badani u aragto waxa uu u muuqdaa shir ah Somaliland ku dhex Libidhay kooxihii Somaliya ee ay 21 ka sano ka fayo qabtay dhibaatadii haysatay ee Xukuumadd la’aanta ahayd iyadoo imika u muuqata inaanay jirin aragti lagu qancin karo Beesha Caalamka oo Somaliya mid u aragta iyo Reer Somaliland oo u doortay Madaxweyne Siilaanyo inuu keeno Ictiraafkii ay sugayeen 21ka sano.
Taa bedelkeeda Sh Shariif iyo C/wali Gaas qudbadihii ay shirka Turkiga ka jeediyeen ayaa ahaa kuwo Jees Jees ah oo ay Somaliland ugu quus goynayeen iyagoo labadooduba iska daba maray inaanay Somaliland Gooni isutaagu dhab ka ahayne ay sugayeen Somali inteeda kale inta ay wax noqonayaan maantana marxaladaas la soo gaadhay oo Dawladnimadii la dhisayo.

Booliiska Hargeysa oo Agaasimaha Hay’adda Candlight Axmed Ibraahim u xidhay Buug lagu magacaabao Dirkii Sacmaaladda oo uu caawa ku soo bandhigi lahaa Hotel Imoerial


Booliiska Hargeysa oo Agaasimaha Hay’adda Candlight Axmed Ibraahim u xidhay Buug lagu magacaabao Dirkii Sacmaaladda oo uu caawa ku soo bandhigi lahaa Hotel Imoerial

Hargeysa(Waaheen) Agaasimaha Hay’adda ka shaqaysa Horumarinta Deegaanka Axmed Ibrahim Awaleh ayay Ciidamadda Booliiska iyo kuwo CID ahi  xalay ku xidheen xarunta CID-da ee Hargeysa.
Xadhiga Axmed Ibraahim Cawaale ayaa ka dhashay Buug uu qoray oo la yidhaahdo Dirkii Sacmaaladda oo uu kaga sheekaynayo arrimo ay ka mid yihiin  1. Xageebay Soomaalidu (isir-ahaan) kasoo jeedaan?  2. Badhxanka isirka Soomaaliyeed (xidhiidhadii ay Soomaalidu la lahayd bulshooyinka kale)  3. Caqiidooyin in dhaqanno hore oo la sheego in ay ka jireen carriga
Soomaaliyeed, iyo 4. Il-baxnimadii hore ee Soomaalida.
Buugan sida uu ku baahiyay Warbaahinta waxa uu caawa ku soo bandhigi lahaa Xaflad uu ugu qabanayay Hotelka Imperial ee Hargeysa, isagoo Hordhaca buuga ku soo tabiyay qoraal Ogeysiis ah oo uu bulshada ugu kala diray Mareegaha iyo Goobaha la isku arko, taasoo uu dhignayd:- Buugga Dirkii Sacmaallada, oo ka faalloonaya sooyaalkii iyo ilbaxnimadii hore ee Soomaalida. Boggani waa bar-kulan la isku waydaarsado, waxna lagu kala barto. Waxa ka reebban qabyaalad & isir-takoor.
Description
XAGEEBAY KA SOO JEEDAAN SOOMAALIDU? Meel-kasoo-jeedka Soomaalida, oo badi lagu sunto dad xoolo dhaqato ah, waxa ay ahaayeen sidoo kale dad naakhuudaynta iyo isaga-gooshitaanka badaha ku horreeyay, oo xitaa gaadhi jiray meel durugsan sida Jasiiradaha Indooniisiya. Waxana ay waydiintani kor ku xusan u ban dhigantay aragtiyo kala duwan.  Dirkii Sacmaallada, oo uu qoray Axmed  Ibraahin Cawaale, waa cilmi-baadhis aan la dhayalsan karin oo eray-celin ka bixinaysa waydiintan kor ku xusan. Cilmi-baadhistani waxa ay ka duwan tahay qaar hore looga sameeyay sooyaalka Soomaalida marka la eego baaxadda shaqo tixraaca ballaadhan ee uu qoruhu sameeyay. 
Hadaba waxa caawa baaqday kulankii Buugaas loogu soo bandhigi lahaa maadaama la xidhay qoraagii Buugaasi, anagoo si aanu wax uga ogaano xadhigiisa isku daynay Taliyaha Ciidanka Baadhista Danbiyadda ee CID-da balse ka cudu daartay inuu wax faahfaahin ah ka bixiyo isagoo ku gaabsaday “maanta Jimce ayay ahayd wax kale kaga sheegi kari maayo ilaa aan ogaado qofka waxa lagu haysto hase yeeshee nin xalay la keenay wuu jiraa” ayuu yidhi
Xadhiga Axmed Ibraahim Cawaale ayaa aad looga hadal hayaa caawa magaaladda Hargeysa iyadoo dadweyne u soo diyaar garoobay ku Hungoobeen Hoolkii Buuga lagu soo bandhigi lahaa, waxaana xadhigiisa lagu sababaynayaa in uu Buugu Xambaarsan yahay taariikh Beelaha Somalida wax badan asalkooda ka sheegaysa taasoo ay Xukuumadda Somaliland ka hortagayaan si aanay bulshada ugu faafin.

Maamulihii Kastamka Berbera Cali Bul-bul oo Galabta Shil Gaadhi ku Geeriyooday iyo Bahda Waaheen oo Tacsi u diraysa


Maamulihii Kastamka Berbera Cali Bul-bul oo Galabta Shil Gaadhi ku Geeriyooday iyo Bahda Waaheen oo Tacsi u diraysa

Berbera(BCT)-Waxa Galabta ku Geeriyooday Cisbitaalka guud ee Magaalada Berbera Marxuum Cali Bul-bul oo ahaa Maamulihii Kastamka Berbera, kaasoo galabta saddexdii Gaadhi uu Watay kula dhacay meel wax yar u jirta Kaantaroolka Berbera.
Marxuumka ayaa geeriyooday markii Cuisbitaalka la geeyay, waxaana Maydkiisa goor dhawyd loo soo qaaday dhinaca Magaalada Hargeysa oo lagu aasi doono.
Cali Bul-bul ayaa dhawrkii sanadood ee ugu dambeeyay ka tirsanaa Shaqaalaha Kastamka Bebera, waxana sanadkii 2010 laga dhigay Xisaabiyaha Kastamkaasi.
Dhamaan Masuuliyiinta iyo Shaqaalaha Waaheen Media Group, iyagoo ka tiiraanyaysan Geerida Naxdinta leh ee ku timi Marxuumka, waxay Tacsi u dirayaan Qoyskii, Qaraabadii iyo Qaranka Somaliland ee uu ka baxay.
Annagoo si Gaara uga Tacsiyadayna Bahda TV-ga HORN CABLE, gaar ahaana Wariye Xamse Cali Bul-bul oo uu ahaa Aabihii, waxaanan leenahay Ilaahay Samir iyo Imaan saadiqa ha inaga siiyo dhamaan intii uu ka geeriyooday.
INAA LILAAHI WA INAA ILAYHI RAAJUCUUN.
BAHDA Burcotoday 

Ciidanka Ilaalada Somaliland ee Degmada Laasqoray: Ciidamadda Xeebaha Sanaag iyo Dablay Maraakiib Watada oo Iska Hor-imaad ku dhex maray Badda dhexdeeda


Ciidanka Ilaalada Somaliland ee Degmada Laasqoray: Ciidamadda Xeebaha Sanaag iyo Dablay Maraakiib Watada oo Iska Hor-imaad ku dhex maray Badda dhexdeeda

Lasqoray(Waaheen)-Iska hor imaad ayaa maanta dhex maray ciidamada ilaalada xeebaha Somaliland iyo Maraakiib ku soo jeeday Magaalada Laasqoray ee Gobolka Sanaag.
Iska hor-imaadkan oo ka dhacay dhinaca Bada gudeheeda, isla markaana laysku waydaarsaday Hubka noocyadiisa, ayaa ka dambeeyay ka dib markii saddex Markab oo Rag hubaysani la socdaan u soo jihaysmeen dhineca Xeebta laasqoray, halkaasoo beryahan dambe warar soo baxayay ay sheegayeen inay imanayaan Maraakiib Qalab iyo Shaqaale u sidaa Dekeda laasqoray oo dib u dhis lagu samaynayo.
Wallow warar kale oo soo baxayayna ay tibaaxayeen inay deegaamadaasi dhanka xeebta Gobolka Sanaag iyo Buuralayda ku soo fool leeyihiin Kooxo Macdan qodayaal ah oo doonaya inay si tuugo ah dhulkaasi uga baadhaan Macdan.
Si rasmiya looma oga khasaaraha dhabta ah ee ka dhashay Israsaasayntan Maanta dhex marta Ciidamada Ilaalada xeebaha Somaliland iyo Dablayda Maraakiibta saarnayd, hase yeeshee Taliyaha Ciidanka Xeebaha Somaliland ee Gobolka Sanaag ayaa Warbaahinta u xaqiijiyay in Hal Askari dhinacooda ka dhaawacmay, dhanka kalena aanay wax war ah ka haynin.
Geesta kale Taliye ku xigeenka ciidanka Ilaalada Xeebaha Somaliland Col Cabdi Xirsi Ducaale oo aanu Khadka Talefoonka kula xidhiidhnay si aanu arintaasi wax uga waydiinay, ayaa xaqiijiyay inay Ciidankooda isku dhaceen Dablay hubaysan oo la socday Maraakiib ku soo jeeday Degmada laasqoray, kuwaasoo ilaa hada ujeedada ay halkaasi u imanaayan aan la ogayn.
Taliyuhu waxa uu sheegay inay Ciidankoodu joojiyeen Maraakiibtaasi, ka dibna Rasaas loogu jawaabay, taasina dhalisay iska hor imaadkaasi, waxaanu intaasi ku daray inay wixii faahfaahin e la xidhiidha dhascdadaasi dib ka sheegi doonaan.
Degmada Laasqoray ayaa ka mida Deegaamada Somaliland ee dhinaca Xeebta ku teedsan, taasoo beryahan dambe damac badani kaga jiray Maamulka Puntland oo doonaya inay qayb libaax ku yeeshaan Did u dhiska Dekeda Laasqoray oo hada la bilaabayo, waxaana dhici karta inay puntland ka dambeyso Maraakiibtaasi hubaysan eek u soo xad gudbay Biyaha Somaliland.

Shirka Turkigu uga wado Somalida magaaladda Istanbul iyo sida aanay Somaliland door ugu lahayn Ajandaha shirkaas oo hore loo sii diyaariyay



Shirka Turkigu uga wado Somalida magaaladda Istanbul iyo sida aanay Somaliland door ugu lahayn Ajandaha shirkaas oo hore loo sii diyaariyay

Hargeysa(Waaheen) Akhristayaasha sharafta leh ee Waaheen, waxa aanu halkan ugu soo bandhigaynaa dhamaan Ajandayaasha iyo Qorshaha Turkigu ku hagayo shirka labada cisho uga socda qaybaha Somaliya oo dhan dalkiisa iyo gunaanadka shirk aka soo baxaya maanta oo dhamaantii ahaa wax sii qorshaysan oo ay ka wada shaqeeyeen Turkiga, Dawladda ku meel gaadhka ah ee Somaliya iyo Bankiga Adduunka iyo Qaramadda Midoobay.
Xogta iyo qoraaladda hoos ku qoran oo ah “Documents” shirka lagu maamulayo oo banaanka lagu soo dhameeyay ma muuqato sadexda qolo ee aynu kor ku soo sheegnay mooyee cid kale oo door ku leh marka loo eego Kooxaha Somaliya ee shirkaas lagu casuumay oo ay Somaliland-na ka mid tahay.
Hoos ka Akhri dhamaan qoraaladda ku saabsan shirka oo Waaheen idiin soo tabiyay:-

II ISTANBUL CONFERENCE ON SOMALIA

“Preparing Somalia’s Future: Goals for 2015”


DRAFT PROGRAM


30 May 2012


Arrival of Delegations

10.00-19.00               Registration-Istanbul Congress Center


31 May 2012


09.00-09.30               Registration-Istanbul Congress Center

09.30-10.15               Plenary Session of the Partnership Forums
                                   
Opening Speeches by
-         H.E. Bekir Bozdağ, Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Turkey
-         H.E. Abdiweli Muhammed Ali, Prime Minister of the Somali Republic
10.30-15.00               Partnership Forums  (parallel sessions)

-         Energy
-         Water
-         Roads
-         Resilience

(Representatives of the TFG, the UN donors, Somali and international private sector, civil society, women’s groups, youth and Diaspora will participate in the Forums.)

(Buffet lunch will be available.)


15.30-16.30   Preparation of the contributions of the Partnership Forums to the Joint Communique ( by the Co-Chairs  of the Forums)

16.30-17.30   Plenary Session of the Partnership Forums
-         Presentation of the conclusions of the Forums by the Co-Chairs
-         Closing Remarks by Ambassador Birnur Fertekligil, Deputy Undersecretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey

20.00                          Dinner (to be confirmed)


1st June 2012


Plenary Meeting: “Preparing Somalia’s Future: Goals for 2015”

09.30-10.00               Welcoming by H.E. Ahmet Davutoğlu, Minister of Foreign Affairs
of the Republic of Turkey
10.00-10.30               Opening Remarks by H.E. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Prime Minister of
the Republic of Turkey
H.E. Ban Ki-Moon, Secretary-General of the UN
H.E. Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed, President of the Somali Republic

10.30-12.45               Interventions by the Heads of Delegation
(The speeches should not be larger than 4 minutes )
13.30-15.00   Luncheon hosted by  H.E. Prime Minister Erdoğan/ H.E. Foreign Minister Davutoğlu (to be confirmed)

15.00-17.00               Interventions by the Heads of Delegation (continued)

17.00-17.30               Concluding Session and Adoption of Communique

17.30-17.45               Family Photo

18.00-18.30   Press Conference by H.E. Foreign Minister Davutoğlu, H.E. Secretary General Ki-Moon and H.E. President Sheikh Ahmed

20.00                          Dinner (to be confirmed)


2-3 June 2012

A cultural and touristic trip to Izmir-Çesme-Ephesus (For the Heads of Delegations)




Contact list for Istanbul II conference on Somalia
Prepared by the RCO, version as of 5/25/2012 3:53 PM
Speakers at Plenary
  • H.E. Bekir Bozdağ, Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Turkey (To Open Day One and give Key Note Speech)
  • H.E. Abdiweli Muhammed Ali, Prime Minister of the Somali Republic
  • USG Pascoe or ASG (tbc)
  • Deputy Under-Secretary, Birnur Ferteqligil (To close Day One)
TFG co-chairs for Partnership Forums
  • Resilience:  TBC
  • Energy: TBC
  • Water:   TBC
  • Roads: TBC (Minister of Transport and Ports will be there)
Turkish Government co-chairs for Partnership Forums
  • Resilience: Dr. Serdar Çam, President of the Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency (TİKA)
  • Energy: Mr. Sefa Sadık Aytekn, Deputy Undersecretary of the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources
  • Water: Prof. Lütfki Akça, Undersecretary of the Ministry of Forestry and Water
  • Roads: Mr. Cahit Turan, Director-General of Roads, Ministry of Transportation, Maritime and Communication
United Nations & World Bank co-chairs for Partnership Forums
  • Resilience:  Laurent Thomas, FAO Assistant Director-General
  • Energy:  John Zutt, World Bank
  • Water:   Yoka Brandt, Deputy Executive Director, UNICEF / Sikander Khan, Representative, UNICEF Somalia  (TBC)
  • Roads: Mark Bowden, RC/HC  UN Somalia



Somalia UNCT Partnership Forums experts

Arriving      Departing      Staying at      e-mail      Phone number
Name
Resilience Partnership Forum    
Resilience Co Chair – Laurent   Thomas, FAO ASG
Resilience UNCT lead – Stefano Porretti, WFP Representative26 May 201202 June 2012Legacy OttomanStefano.porretti@wfp.org+254 735 887 711
Luca Alinovi, FAO26 May 201202 June 2012Istanbulluca.alinovi@fao.org+254 734 704 446
Ms Lynn Brown, WFP Chief Economist and technical expert30 May 201202 June 2012Legacy OttomanLynn.Brown@wfp.org(+39) 345 937 1426
Palmira Ciacciarelli, FAO27 May 201202 June 2012Palmira.Ciacciarelli@fao.org+254 721 475 368
Zoe Druilhe, FAO27 May 201202 June 2012Zoe.druilhe@fao.org+254 708 299 355
Roads Partnership Forum     
Roads Co Chair – Mark Bowden30 May1 JuneHiltonmark.bowden@undp.org+254 722 267 147
Patrick Fruchet, UNOPS29 May 201231 May 2012Legacy OttomanPatrickF@unops.org+254  716 430 433
Toby Roycroft, ILO27 May 201202 June 2012Legacy OttomanRoycroft@ilo.org+254 701 476 235
Energy Partnership Forum     
Energy Co chair:John Zutt,World Bank regional director29 May 201205 June 2012Hilton, Istanbuljzutt@worldbank.org+254 732 391 152
Energy UNCT lead – David ClappCountry Director, UNDP Somalia29 May 201201 June 2012Legacy Ottomandavid.clapp@undp.org+254 721 264 755
Abdul Qadir, UNDP27 May 201202 June 2012Legacy Ottomanabdul.qadir@undp.org+254 705 141 151
Peggy Oti-Boateng, UNESCO (TBC)30 May 201202 June 2012p.oti-boateng@unesco.org+254 0700506595
Water Partnership Forum     
Water Co chair (TBC) – Yoka Brandt
Water UNCT lead – Sikander KhanRepresentative, UNICEF Somalia26 May 201202 June 2012Hotel Istanbulsikhan@unicef.org+254 702 121 127
Nancy Balfour, UNICEF28 May 201203 June 2012TBCnbalfour@unicef.org+254 723 786 975

Somalia UNCT and World Bank preparatory team for Istanbul II
Arriving      Departing      Staying at      e-mail      Phone number
Name
Advance Team    
Kiyoshi Matsukawa27 May 201202 June 2012-kiyoshi.matsukawa@un.org+254 731 337 307
Brooke Shawn27 May 201204 June 2012Legacy OttomanBrooke.shawn@one.un.org+254 710 281 013
Ismail Yilmaz27 May 201202 June 2012-yilmaz@un.orgismail0207@gmail.com+254 713 601 227
Suzy Price, Media28 May 201202 June 2012Legacy Ottomansprice@unicef.org+254 722 719867
Ms Sara Moussavi, WFP External relations officer27 May 201202 June 2012Legacy Ottomansara.moussavi@wfp.org+254 731 070 578
Jo Nickolls29 May 201201 June 2012Legacy Ottomanjo.nickolls@one.un.org+254 728 329 060
Peter MousleyWorld Bank Finance and Private Sector Development Department30 May 201202 June 2012Istanbul Editionpmousley@worldbank.org+202-473-2266

UN in Turkey – key contacts

Role      Location      e-mail      Phone number
Name
UN in Turkey    
Shahid Najam, RC TurkeyRC TurkeyIstanbulShahid.najam@undp.org+90 312 454 1160+90 532 409 5871
Halide Caylan, RCO TurkeyRCO TurkeyIstanbulhalide.caylan@undp.org+90(533) 486-6316
Selim Giray (Mr), UN Coordination Associate,RCO TurkeyIstanbul+ 90 (312) 454 1163+90 (533) 445 66 91
Simone Marinescu, Istanbul International Centre for Private Sector in   DevelopmentSupport to Istanbul IIIstanbulsimona.marinescu@undp.org+90 530 965 92111

Contact points in Turkey for Day One of Istanbul II
Role      Location      e-mail      Phone number
Name
Turkish   government contacts    
Dr Sander Gurbuz, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, TurkeyAmbassador in charge of the Istanbul II conferenceAnkara / IstanbulNot provided 


Tel: +90 0 312 292 26 04Mobile: +90 0530 239 58 87 
Senem GüzelPerson in MoFA who sent all the follow up documents after our meeting   with Amb. Gurbuz.Ankara / Istanbulsguzel@mfa.gov.tr+90 (0) 532 648 3731
Sedef Yavuzalp, MOFAResponsible for the political side of the conferenceAnkara / Istanbulsedef.yavuzalp@mfa.gov.trNo number
Olgan Bekar, MOFAAnkara / Istanbulolgan.bekar@mfa.gov.tr+90 (0) 312 292 2169+90 (0) 544 289 5428
Ercan ÖztenHead of DepartmentMinistry of Foreign Affairs of Turkeytozten@mfa.gov.tr+90 (0) 312 292 1674+90 (0) 507 529 7029
Hakan Karabalik,Ministry of EconomyChair of our meeting with Ministry of EconomyAnkara / Istanbulkarabalikh@ekonomi.gov.tr+90 312 222 90 60
Halil Ibrahim OKUR,TIKATechnical Aid ExpertAnkarah.okur@tika.gov.tr0.312 508 12 13
Harun TUNCER,TIKAVice PresidentAnkarah.tuncer@tika.gov.tr+90 (312) 309 89 47
Mustafa Hasim POLAT,TIKADevelopment Cooperation ExpertAnkaram.polat@tika.gov.tr+90 (312) 508 10 00
Ambassador to Somalia, Kani TorunMogadishuk.torun@mfa.gov.tr+252 618 868 491+252 699 317 325
Ismail Aydil, Deputy Chief of MissionTurkish Embassy, Nairobi Nairobiismail.aydil@mfa.gov.tr+254 712 6929?
Turkish   business contacts    
Deniz YALCIN, TOBB (The Union   of Chambers and Commodity Exchanges of Turkey)Acting Manager, International relations divisionAnkaraDeniz.yalcin@tobb.org. tr+90 312 218 22 10
Senem YAVAS, DeikAnkara representativeAnkarasaslan@deik.org.tr+90 312 218 22 28+90 213 218 20 00
Murat Atakan KAYALAR, TUSKONExecutive Board MemberAnkaratuskon@tuskon.org0212 368 81 10
M.Bulent Atamer, Turkish Contractors AssociationDeputy Secretary GeneralAnkarabatamer@tmb.org.tr+90 312 439 17 12 – 13





TURKSISH MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS – İSTANBUL II – CONTACTS          

Coordinator/Ambassador

Şander Gürbüz                           0530 239 58 87


Concept papers – Program – Speeches-Communique

Sedef Yavuzalp                          0530 966 82 12
Olgan Bekar                               0544 289 54 28
Senem Güzel                               0532 508 48 46


Invitations – Participation

Arda Ulutaş                                 0531 011 87 50
Erkan Öner                                 0532 566 35 39
Nalan Ak                                     0538 238 25 68


PARTNERSHIP FORUM (Energy, Water, Roads)

İEGY (Tuğrul Ercan Özten)     0507 529 70 29
Artemiz Sümer                         0530 280 45 82
Kemalettin Eruygur                  0530 932 58 50


PARTNERSHIP FORUM (Resilience)

UKGY (Berk Baran)                 0536 641 87 48
İEGY (Tuğrul Ercan Özten)     0507 529 70 29
Senem Güzel                               0532 508 48 46


Dinner arrangements (Senior/VIP level)

İMAD (Mete Gönül)                  0530 555 0063
İMAD (Murat Şahan Karaca)  0530 931 20 81
Protokol  (Celal Doğan)             0530 966 82 14


Hotels

İMAD (Sercan Çelik)                0530 414 53 68
Arda Ulutaş                                0531 011 87 50
Erkan Öner                                  0532 566 35 39
Nalan Ak                                     0538 238 25 68


Transport

Admin  (Mustafa Öztürk)         0543 417 78 20
Contracted Private Co
Recep Özdemir                          0534 898 34 59

Translation/Interpreters

Hüseyin Özbaş                            0554 560 31 76
İMAD (Mete Gönül)                   0530 555 0063
İMAD (Murat Şahan Karaca)   0530 931 20 81


Media – Press conferences/releases

ENFD (Zeynep Gündüz)           0530 667 14 71
Kemalettin Eruygur                  0530 932 58 50
Olgan Bekar                               0544 289 54 28
Fatih Cangür                              0506 844 77 51


Security

Protokol (Celal Doğan)            0530 966 82 14
Mehmet Emre Kök                  0531 324 82 80


Administration
Erdeniz Şen                              0530 931 20 59
Çağatay Saraç                          0530 414 53 67
Sinem Atay                               0530 555 00 64

Protokol
Özgür Bora Özkul                   0536 694 21 27
Hatice Özge Pan                      0530 944 84 22





1 ISTANBUL DECLARATION
ISTANBUL, TURKEY – 22 MAY 2010
The Istanbul Conference on Somalia took place in Istanbul from 21-23 May, 2010 reflecting the
strong determination of the United Nations, the Government of Turkey and the International
Community to work with the Transitional Federal Institutions and the people of Somalia to defeat the
cycle of lawlessness, violence and despair in the country and to build in its place a peaceful and
prosperous future for the Somali people. The Conference reaffirmed the sovereignty, territorial
integrity, political independence and unity of Somalia.
The Conference was held within the framework of the Djibouti Agreement, which provides Somalia
and its leaders with a clear and viable path for achieving a comprehensive and lasting settlement of
the situation in Somalia. The Djibouti Process remains open for all Somalis to work towards peace,
reconciliation and development. The Conference expressed its full support to President Sheikh Sharif
Ahmed and the Transitional Federal Institutions in their efforts to implement the Djibouti Agreement.
It reiterated its commitment to improve the lives and security of the Somali people, foster
reconciliation, human rights and good governance, increase access to basic services, initiate
reconstruction activities and set Somalia firmly on the path to peace and sustainable development.
The Conference noted the existence of several outstanding commitments made in previous forums on
Somalia and urged the Transitional Federal Institutions and the International Community to
implement them. The Conference placed particular emphasis on the urgency for the Transitional
Federal Government to address its considerable political, economic and security challenges. It also
encouraged the private sector to play a positive role in strengthening peace and stability.
1. The Conference Recognized that:
• Somalia’s people and leaders face a determined effort, fuelled by internal and external
interference, to hinder social, economic and political progress. Overcoming the current
hardships and insecurity will require a determined, long-term effort to promote political
cooperation and build strong government institutions, while countering the pervasive
influence of those profiting from the conflict, as well as the presence of foreign fighters and
other elements of extremism.
• It is important that the Djibouti Peace Process and transition are kept on track. The successful
implementation of the Djibouti Agreement demands the rejection of violence and extremism;
continued outreach and political reconciliation with those outside the peace process who
accept dialogue. The Conference welcomed progress made by the Transitional Federal
Government in this regard, as illustrated by its agreement with Ahlu Sunna Wal Jama’a in
March 2010, and a security accord related to countering piracy with the Puntland region in
April 2010 and on bilateral cooperation in August 2008. The Conference encouraged Puntland
to continue maintaining its stability and political cooperation with the TFG. It welcomed the
current democratization process in “Somaliland” and urged for peaceful completion of its
upcoming elections in a transparent manner.
2
• Somalia needs to establish loyal and professional security forces with a strong and unified
command and control structure and reintegrate those armed groups that have joined the TFG.
The re-establishment, training, equipping, payment and retention of Somali security forces is
vital for the long-term stability of Somalia. The Conference commended all those Member
States and international organizations providing training for the Somalia security forces. It
emphasized the importance of coordinated, timely and sustained support from the
international community and appealed for the prompt and timely disbursement of funds
pledged in support of the Somali security institutions. In addition, the Conference welcomed
the increased number of trained Somali recruits, as well as the senior Transitional Federal
Government military appointments which will significantly enhance the command and control
structure.
• Somalia’s reconstruction and development can only be realised when governmental
institutions, the business sector, civil society, women, the Diaspora and the international
community work together in an effective and coherent manner. Recovery activities can make
a greater contribution to social, economic and cultural development in Somalia, through
further investment, continued employment-creation and training. The Conference encourages
focus on the six initial priority areas identified by the Transitional Federal Government and
the business community: telecommunications; transport infrastructure; livestock exports;
fisheries, banking and remittances and; alternative energy. In particular it called for support to
fund the completion of Bossaso and Garowe airports.
• It is critical to have a renewed emphasis on Somalia’s economic recovery and development.
The Conference committed itself to work towards concrete action plans which would include
identifying pilot projects for private-public investment with a view to creating economic
zones.
• The Conference welcomed the discussion among the business community, the United Nations
and development partners and the Transitional Federal Government on the margins of the
Conference regarding the “Principles for an enabling Environment for Responsible Business
Activities in Somalia”. The Conference recognized the need to develop business-friendly
conditions that would benefit the entire population. It looks forward to further consideration
of a business Compact for Somalia.
• The Transitional Federal Government, in partnership with the international community has a
major responsibility to respond to the humanitarian suffering of the Somali people. The
Transitional Federal Government must discharge its responsibilities to assure safe access to
vulnerable populations, deliver basic services, manage public resources wisely and ensure a
just distribution of revenues; introduce anti-corruption measures, develop and support the
private sector; and build the capacity of its financial institutions. The international community
should continue its support to the Somali people. The Conference accepted that the
reconstruction outcome of the Istanbul Conference will complement existing humanitarian
assistance activities and will not prejudice efforts to organize a more comprehensive
development and reconstruction conference at a later stage.
3
2. The Conference:
• Commended the contribution of the African Union Mission to Somalia (AMISOM) to lasting
peace and stability in Somalia and expressed appreciation for the continued commitment of
troops and equipment to AMISOM by the Governments of Burundi and Uganda and
AMISOM Police Contributing Countries- Burundi, Ghana, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Uganda and
Zambia. It condemned any hostilities towards AMISOM and the Transitional Federal
Institutions. The Conference also called on other African countries to provide troops to
AMISOM to reach its mandated strength. It appreciated financial support to AMISOM by the
international community and stressed the need for predictable, reliable and timely provision of
resources to the AU by all partners. In this regard, the Conference called for the expeditious
disbursement of all pledges made at the Brussels Pledging Conference held on 23 April 2009.
• Took note of the important role of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD),
and Somalia’s neighbours in promoting peace, security and development in Somalia and the
region. It re-affirmed the principles of good neighbourly relations and urged Somalia’s
partners to continue to support effort towards this end.
• The conference welcomed the decision of the Summit of the League Arab States held in Sirte
in March 2010, to convene a conference on Boosting early recovery activities for Somalia, ın
the next few months. It expressed its appreciation for the determination of the Arab League to
build on the spirit and results of the Đstanbul Conference, and to prepare its conference in
full cooperation with the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia, the Republic of
Turkey, the African Union, the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), United
Nations and the Organization of Islamic Conference.
• Expressed its grave concern over the increase in acts of piracy and armed robbery at sea
against vessels off the coast of Somalia. Noted with appreciation the assistance being
provided by the United Nations and other international organizations and donors, in
coordination with the Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia (“CGPCS”), to
enhance the capacity of the judicial and the corrections systems in Somalia, Kenya,
Seychelles and other States in the region to prosecute suspected, and imprison convicted,
pirates consistent with applicable international human rights law. In this regard, it welcomed
the establishment of the International Trust Fund supporting initiatives of the Contact Group
on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia to defray the expenses associated with prosecution of
suspected pirates and to support other counter-piracy initiatives and welcomed Member States
and other potential donors to contribute to the fund. Also commended the efforts of other
States to prosecute suspected pirates in their national courts and appealed to other States to
facilitate the prosecution of suspected pirates in their national courts, consistent with
applicable international law, including human rights law. It also expressed appreciation for
the role of the EU operation Atalanta, North Atlantic Treaty Organization operations Allied
Protector and Ocean Shield and Combined Maritime Forces’ Combined Task Force 151, in
the fight against piracy off the Coast of Somalia.
4
3. The Transitional Federal Government reaffirmed:
• Its primary responsibility to provide security to the people of Somalia by increasing the
number of trained Somali recruits, ensuring integration of all security forces , including those
of the Ahlu Sunna Wal Jama’a and improving the control and command structure of the
Somali Forces.
• Its commitment to continue its outreach, dialogue and reconciliation efforts, implementing
concrete collaboration with Ahlu Sunna Wal Jama’a and extending partnerships with regional
and local administrations.
• Its commitment to avoid internal disputes so that they will not hinder the work of the
Transitional Federal Institutions and delivery of services to its people. This also entails
working to strengthen its governance structures, ensure transparency and accountability and
efficient functioning of the Transitional Federal Institutions.
• Its efforts to seek innovative ways to engage with the Somali people to draft the Somali
Federal Constitution. The TFG confirmed that a fully inclusive and consultative process
would be advanced by the third quarter of 2010. It is also crucial for the TFG to take
ownership of the tasks necessary to facilitate the full implementation of the transitional
arrangement;
The Istanbul Conference has reaffirmed the world’s commitment to Somalia and its rejection of all
efforts to sow violence and instability in the country. We send a clear and strong message to the
people of Somalia that they are not alone in the search for peace, reconciliation and prosperity after
so many years of poverty, hardship and suffering. With determined efforts by, the Transitional
Federal Institutions, Somali civil society and the private sector, in partnership with the international
community, a bright future for Somalia is possible.
The Conference took note that the Government of Spain will host the next high-level International
Contact Group Meeting in Madrid in September 2010.
The Conference expressed its deep appreciation to the Government and people of Turkey for hosting
the Istanbul Conference which is a significant contribution to the efforts towards achieving peace,
security and development in Somalia.
22 May 2010, 1300



Concept Note on Day One of the Second Istanbul Conference on Somalia
31 May 2012
Istanbul Congress Centre
Draft as of 17 May 2012
Objective
The overall objective of the first day of the Istanbul Conference, on 31 May 2012 is to bring about a step change in infrastructure investment and an agreement to build the resilience of Somali households, communities and formal and informal institutions in the medium and longer-term. The private sector can play a key part in putting Somalia back on to a development trajectory. Appropriate investment instruments complemented by an appropriate regulatory framework will assist in securing the longer term investments in energy, water supply and roads that are essential for Somalia’s development and long term stability. Agreement on a comprehensive approach to resilience through re-establishing and strengthening livelihoods and basic services and reinforcing social safety nets is critical to Somalia’s recovery from drought and famine. By the end of the first day of the conference, participants will have reached agreement on the need for a sequenced comprehensive multi-year investment plan that is guided by deprivation levels and tailored to the local context.
Day One of the Istanbul Conference will build consensus amongst member states, Somali counterparts and international organisations on how to stimulate pro-poor, resilient, long-term economic development in Somalia. Participants will discuss and agree strategies and programmatic priorities within the following themes: 1) resilience, 2) energy, 3) water and 4) roads. Consensus in the critical linked areas of resilience, energy, water and roads will help stakeholders to adopt coherent and effective approaches to economic development in Somalia.  Day One will also agree the priority actions required to improve the investment climate and development environment in Somalia.  It will consider the benefits of improving the regulatory environment and the steps towards establishing an investment guarantee fund, intended to foster investment in Somalia.
Organization
Day One will be co-chaired by Turkey, the UN and Somalia
9.30-10.30 – Morning Plenary
The morning plenary will initiate the discussion amongst the participants on which interventions should catalyse and deepen private sector engagement in Somalia. By introducing the participants to the concept of resilience it will also facilitate agreement upon a multi-year joint investment strategy to build resilience.
The plenary will be structured as follows:
  • Turkish Deputy Prime Minister to give a Key Note Speech primarily on building resilience across Somali society, including the importance of initially prioritising the needs of the worst off populations. Request the partnership forum on resilience to consider the proposal in the conference paper to agree to a flexible multi-year joint investment strategy to build resilience.

  • World Bank speech introducing the concepts from the World Development Report and the importance of long term investment in Somalia. Introduce the proposals for an investment guarantee fund.  Request partnership forums to look at options to improve the investment environment, including the possibility of establishing some kind of fund.

  • UN to speak on the outcomes of Istanbul I, Dubai and preparatory meetings in Mogadishu and London. Introduce the importance of creating a conducive business environment, of developing a suitable regulatory framework and of linking investment to Somali systems and structures. Request the partnership forum to consider the next steps in dialogue towards creating more stable regulatory environment.

10.30 – 15.30 (with buffet lunch) –Partnership Forums on Energy, Water, Roads, Resilience
Each partnership forum will be co-chaired by the Turkish government, a UN or World Bank representative and a Somali Minister. Partnership forums will be composed of representatives of member states, the Turkish government, Somali government, international and Somali private sector, UN and development banks, civil society and NGOs and other critical partners of Somalia.
The partnership forums will review the conference papers with the objective of endorsing strategies for each respective theme. They will also initiate dialogue on the key programmatic priorities to be achieved per theme. The involvement of civil society will be essential for ensuring that the strategies put forth in the conference papers are in line with the priorities of the Somali people.
The conference papers will set out:
1)     Background and context of the theme
2)     The proposed approach or strategy for the theme
3)     General programmatic priorities
(Please see a summary of key objectives of the conference papers in Annex I)



The agenda for each of the four Partnership   Forums will be structured as follows:  
Session 1 (10.30 – 12.30): Review and   discussion of the conference papers
  • Presentation of the Conference Paper by the UN or World Bank
  • Discussion of the strategy for the theme, including the role of civil   society and the private sector
  • Review of the proposed programmatic priorities
  • Discussion on investment guarantees and regulatory priorities

Lunch Break (12.30 – 13.30)

Session 2 (13.30 – 15.30): Agreement on   recommendations
  • Endorsement of the thematic strategy together with any necessary   revisions
  • Endorsement of the programmatic priorities and required investment   incentives
  • Agree recommendations related to regulatory priorities to feed into the   afternoon’s plenary session


15.30 – 16.30:Preparation of the contributions of the Partnership Forums to the Day One Conclusions and Recommendations (one hour)
16.30 – 17.00: Closing Plenary Session of Day One(30 minutes)
The closing plenary will be chaired by Turkish Deputy Under-Secretary, Birnur Fertekligil. During the closing plenary each of the partnership forums will set forth priorities for regulatory reform, ideas for investment incentives, confirm their agreement on the thematic strategies, including the need to sequence investment and provide recommendations for key deliverables to be included within the communiqué. (Please see possible deliverables for Istanbul II under economic development attached).
During the closing plenary the Co-Chairs of each of the partnership forums will present the “Conclusions


Annex I:  Summary Objectives of the Conference Papers
1)     Resilience
Context:
More than other societies, given inadequacies in formal and informal systems for support, Somalis must rely on their own resilience to protect their lives and livelihoods. A new approach is needed to work on building the resilience of Somali households, communities and formal and informal institutions in the medium- and longer-term, including through multi-year engagements.

Draft Outcomes:

  1. All partners will prioritize building the resilience of at risk Somali populations

  1. The conference will agree the ‘three building blocks’ of resilience:
-          Strengthen productive sectors to increase the resources available for resilience
-          Improve the availability and quality of basic services; and
-          Develop a safety net system to ensure consistent access to resources by those most in need.

  1. The conference will agree on the guiding principles for the resilience strategy namely:
-          It should be aligned with the existing priorities and build on existing strategies
-          It should be supported by a multi-year investment and help align multiple stakeholders
-          It should be based on evidence and assessments and supported by monitoring of the resilience of households and communities
-          Implementation should be tailored to local context and needs including people’s livelihoods and partners’ capacities

  1. The conference will endorse the resilience strategy as an appropriate strategy for Somalia.

  1. The conference will promote networks of partners who will support resilience (amongst Diaspora, UN, NGOs, resource partners, faith communities, etc.)

2)     Water

Context:

The Partnership Forum on Water will deliberate and agree on actions regarding the Strategic Framework for the development of the Water Sector in Somalia (2012-2020) to the community of stakeholders concerned with the wellbeing and economic development of the Somali population. With water so much at the core of Somali society and its economy, reconciliation, recovery and economic growth will be impossible without investment in the water sector. A Strategy for the sector can be summarised as investment in systems and people, with systems investment in hardware, software, and regulatory frameworks, and in people in vocational, management, and governance capacity.

Draft Outcomes:

  1. All participants on behalf of their constituencies commit to a common strategic framework for sector development, and agree to the following guiding principles for the water strategy:
  • Sector development guided by the common strategic framework
  • Decentralised management and service delivery
  • Investment in infrastructure to be accompanied by investment in governance systems and capacity building to ensure sustainability of water supplies
  1. All participants, under the agreed framework, commit to support proposed investment projects and participate in fundraising and the securing of private sector investment
  2. All participants on behalf of their constituencies commit to re-instating, maintaining, and actively supporting government-led sector coordination in addition to, but in harmony with, the humanitarian coordination for water and sanitation
  3. The conference identifies and secures initial agreement to institutional “champions” for sector development in the 4 key areas: urban water supply, rural water supply, water resource management and water governance.

3)     Roads

Context:
Fundamental to any internal mobility, the inadequacy of Somalia’s road network constricts access to basic services, humanitarian operations, domestic and international trade -  imposing a ceiling on employment-led economic growth. Investment in the road sector provides an indispensable means of accelerating economic development and strengthening livelihoods, resilience and regional stability.

Draft Outcomes:

  1. An understanding of the priorities and objectives for different stakeholders, governments (inclusive of roads authorities), private sector investors, local contractors, investors and international actors in the  development of the roads sector
  2. Agreement of a way to build upon common principles, instill road design standards and guarantee the oversight to uphold these credentials.
  3. Agreement on how to develop the road sector against a time-bound strategy of improved implementation, management and governance.

4)     Energy

Context:

Somalia’s energy sector has suffered from over two decades of neglect and lack of investment. The resultant huge deficit in universal access to affordable modern sources of energy inhibits the achievement of social indicators and limits sustainable economic growth. The systemic inefficiencies and lack of planned investments in Somalia’s energy sector is reflected in the exorbitantly high tariff of US$ 1.0 per kilowatt hour. This creates gross inequalities with only a small segment of population able to afford grid connectivity. The Partnership Forum on Energy will recommend a set of priority interventions that can improve access to sustainable sources of energy critical for taking the country towards a development trajectory. 

Draft Outcomes:

  1. Participants agree on a set of recommendations to improve access to energy with the objectives of maintaining peace, bringing social equity, creating employment, ensuring affordability, triggering economic growth and building resilience.
  2. Participants agree to look in the options to diversify the energy mix with the gradual reduction on reliance on the charcoal and firewood. This will include setting the targets for the introduction of alternative sources of energy, including, wind, solar, LPG, biogas, hydro and high efficiency thermal generation and distribution systems.
  3. A framework of partnerships for the energy sector among: a) Governments in Somalia; b) non-government partners (private sector, CSOs, academia); and, c) development partners (UN, WB, AfDB, EU and bi-laterals) for undertaking priority interventions with clearly defined roles.




30 April 2012 Concept note
Istanbul II Conference on Somalia
31 May-1 June 2012

Objective

  1. The Government of Turkey will hold an international conference on Somalia (“Istanbul II”) on 31 May-1 June under the theme: “Preparing Somalia’s Future: Goals for 2015”. The conference will provide the international community with a unique opportunity to adopt common positions on the future of Somalia. It will aim to chart immediate concrete actions in the political, security and economic spheres that will enable a smooth end of transition and the establishment of an inclusive and broad-based political dispensation in Somalia after August 2012. The conference will also seek to build consensus on a long-term approach to state-building and economic development, including the evolution of an enabling environment for private investment in the post-transition period.

  1. The conference will engage a wide range of regional and international actors, as well as the Somali business sector, civil society, women’s groups, diaspora and youth representatives. It will endeavor to include representation from all parts of Somalia in an effort to promote home-grown, Somali-led solutions to the Somali crisis.

Background

  1. Since the Istanbul I Conference in May 2010, Somalia has made significant progress in the search for peace and stability. On the political front, in numerous occasions, Somali stakeholders and the international community reaffirmed their strong commitment to conclude the transition by August 2012 and establish a new and more representative political dispensation. Such were the cases of the adoption of the Road Map to end the transition, the signing of the Kampala Accord, the, adoption of the recommendations at the Garowe 1and 2 Conferences and the Galkayo constitutional meeting, as well as the London Conference on Somalia.

4.         On the security realm, combined efforts of the TFG forces, AMISOM and regional countries have led to the recovery of large areas in Mogadishu and central and southern Somalia, creating real opportunities for stability. The increased support to AMISOM as well as to the strengthening of the TFG forces constitutes a fundamental contribution to building a peaceful, stable and prosperous Somalia. This remains a priority, along with the need to set up new and more representative administrations in the areas that are cleared of Al Shabaab presence, so as to avoid a power vacuum in those areas.

5.         A genuine and comprehensive reconciliation amongst Somalis is a fundamental requirement to consolidate progress made in the political and security domains. The different clans, regional and local administrations, the TFG and other relevant actors in Somalia must coalesce around a common vision on how to build a viable Somali state that can deliver sustainable peace and stability in the country.

6.         Now is the time to address both the immediate and multifaceted challenges that confront Somalia, including in the humanitarian field, and to conceptualize and plan for the implementation of long-term solutions. The end of the transition and the new political dispensation should bring new economic opportunities, enabling Somalis to start building durable peace and stability. The TFG and other Somali stakeholders must now begin to create the conditions for social and economic development that can underpin a prosperous future and put an end to the cycle of famine and aid dependence. We should also aim for tangible progress by 2015 towards the Millennium Development Goals.

7.         International partners can help for example by investing in initiatives that will help kick-start economic development in Somalia in relation to access to energy, drinkable water, and the repair of roads; by building the capacity of Government institutions to establish the “rules of the game”, i.e., to design and manage a regulatory framework; and by supporting communities to build resilience to recurrent humanitarian crises. Civil society and local administrations can contribute to this exercise by helping define the priorities in their respective regions. Effective partnerships between public and private actors, as well a participatory approach to economic and social development can in turn contribute to social cohesion and stability.

8.         In short, the end of the current transition represents Somalia’s best opportunity in two decades for peace and stability.  Somali stakeholders and their international partners must therefore redouble their efforts to support the implementation of the Road Map to end the transition, address the immediate needs for stabilization and recovery, and formulate a common vision for the long-term future of the country.

Organization

9.         The first day of the conference will entail four sector-based Partnership Forums on economic issues, namely, energy, water, roads, and “resilience”[1]. The Forums will involve representatives of the TFG, the UN, donors, Somali and international private sector, civil society, women’s groups, youth and the diaspora.

10.       The second day of the Conference will be a high-level plenary meeting co-chaired by the Prime Minister of Turkey, Mr. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and United Nations Secretary-General Mr. Ban Ki-Moon. It will cover an agenda including political, security, and economic development issues. The meeting will feature opening remarks and statements by Heads of delegations and will conclude with the adoption of an agreed communiqué.


Preparation

11.       Turkey, UNPOS and the United Nations Country Team for Somalia, in partnership with relevant TFG Ministries and the World Bank, will prepare the Partnership Forums in consultation with other relevant actors, including Somali civil society and private sector representatives as well as regional and international development actors such as the African Development Bank, the Islamic Development Bank, the International Labour Organisation. They will jointly develop specific agenda, list of participants and review projects to be submitted to Istanbul II.

12.       Participants will be determined based on the list of invitees for the Istanbul I Conference held in (May 2010. Somaliland, Puntland, Galmudug and ASWJ will be invited along with TFG Directors-General, private sector actors and diaspora representatives.

13.       Overall coordination will be ensured jointly by Turkey and United Nations Headquarters. Preparatory meetings will be held as needed, on dates to be determined jointly by Turkey and the United Nations Headquarters, to develop concrete deliverables on the political, security and recovery tracks and prepare the Conference Communiqué.








Partnership Forum on Water




Preparing Somalia’s Future: Goals for 2015
Second Istanbul Conference, Turkey
Partnership Forum on 31st May 2012
10.30 am to 03.00 pm
Conference Paper on Water







CONFERENCE PAPER FOR THE PARTNERSHIP FORUM ON WATER
31st May 2012, 10.30 to 15.00
Objective:
The Partnership Forum on Water will deliberate and agree on actions regarding the Strategic Framework for the development of water resources, services and governance in Somalia (2012-2020) to the community of stakeholders concerned with the wellbeing and economic development of the Somali population.
Outcomes and Deliverables:

  • ·All participants on behalf of their constituencies commit to a common strategic framework for sector development, including principles of decentralized management and service delivery and private sector involvement, and undertake to align their available funding, investments, and implementation plans with the agreed upon sector ventures within this strategic framework
  • ·All participants, under the agreed framework, commit to support proposed investment projects and participate in fundraising and the securing of private sector investment
  • ·All participants on behalf of their constituencies commit to re-instating, maintaining, and actively supporting government-led sector coordination in addition to, but in harmony with, the humanitarian coordination for water and sanitation
  • ·The group identifies and secures initial agreement to institutional “champions” for sector development in the 4 key areas of urban water supply, rural water supply, water resources management, and water governance.


TimeSession
10.30-11.00Introductory Speeches – Current Status of   Water Sector in Somalia
11.00-11.30Presentation of the strategic framework for   water sector development,Plenary Discussion
11.30-13.30 

Plenary: Discussion/endorsement of goalsü    Water Resources   Managementü    Rural Water Supply
ü    Urban Water supply
ü    Water Governance
13.30-14.00Lunch Break
14.00-15.00Plenary: Discussion/endorsement ofü    Principles for sector   development – de-centralised service delivery, investment in governance and   private sector involvementü    ‘Champions’ for sector   development
15.00Adjourn


  1. 1.     Background and context

Water is at the core of investment needs in Somalia. It is the essential prerequisite for a rural economy, where human and livestock needs need continuous balancing, and the main determinant for the viability of fast growing urban centres. Water has traditionally been seen as an economic good in Somalia, and “willingness to pay” is relatively well established in the society. It is at the same time regarded as a social good, and access to water in Somalia has consequently been closely associated with traditional power structures and access to land. Conflicts over water therefore generally have both an economic and a social dimension. With water so much at the core of Somali society and its economy, the envisaged road to reconciliation, recovery and economic growth will be impossible without significant investments in the water sector.
Water resources in Somalia are scarce, and their replenishment is to a large extent outside of the direct influence of the Somali people. Development projects in neighbouring countries (e.g. hydropower dams) potentially affect the water regime of the two trans-boundary river basins.   Strong water resources management frameworks and active engagement in regional water resources management agreements are vital to safeguarding a key economic asset for the country.
The delivery of water services has since the collapse of the central government in 1991 increasingly been in the hands of vibrant small and medium-sized enterprises and rural communities. Their viability is constrained by limited access to technology, poor revenue management, and by a capacity gap (both in and beyond the water sector), due to the fact that the required vocational skills have not been taught for over 20 years.  Despite these constraints, such decentralised service delivery models have provided and maintained basic access for the majority of the population, thus offering an established platform for engagement by investors and the formation of a more structured enabling environment by government.
Strengthening the capacities of water operators, supporting sustainable management models, establishing cost recovery mechanisms, strengthening supply lines, construction and maintenance capacity, promoting gender sensitive, equitable distribution and pro-poor water supply, and encouraging home-grown system expansion and re-investment of local revenues are areas of improvement in service delivery. This can be complemented by investment in vocational skills and an overall enabling and regulating environment that facilitates sustainable water resources management, allows for profitable service provision, but guarantees accessibility, safe water quality, and affordable tariffs for all users groups.
  1. 2.     Proposed Strategy for the Water Sector

Based on collective experience of all water actors in Somalia, a feasible strategy for sustainable investment in the sector must cover four major thematic areas. Firstly, the sustainable and integrated management of water resources must be governed by enforceable law and include constructive engagement with neighbouring countries that host the majority of catchment areas for Somalia’s water. This should extend to environmental management, catchment protection, conservation of water resources, enforcement of water quality and safety standards, and social aspects of water resource management, particularly needs of women.
Secondly, the investment in rural water services, where pastoralists and agro-pastoralists compete with settled communities over a scarce resource must diversify in technology and support functional decentralised management models that are appropriate for context and environment, including but not restricted to partnerships with private sector operators under government regulation (Public-Private Partnership, PPP).
Thirdly, investment in urban water systems must build on functional and/or demonstrated service delivery models (which include varieties of PPPs) and equally promote context-specific decentralised solutions for better service delivery to all groups, including the urban poor.
Fourthly, government at state level must be supported to enforce (where they exist) or establish sound water policies and water legislation that govern extraction rights, access rights, water conservation, water quality, sustainable service delivery including cost recovery mechanisms and water tariff guidelines, equitable access and pro-poor water supply mechanisms (including cross-subsidies) and sound sector management and coordination, amongst other topics. At the national level, government should enact equally sound legislation to ensure integrated water resource management across the country and in close constructive cooperation with its neighbours. Local and regional government should become partners in business-driven vocational training centres and technical training institutes where existing and future staff of water utilities in both rural and urban areas can obtain the required skills for operations, maintenance, management and planning of water services.
A Strategy for the sector could therefore be summarised as investment in systems and people, with systems investment in hardware, software, and regulatory frameworks, and in people in vocational, management, and governance capacity.  It should follow three core principles:
  1. Management and service delivery are decentralised to the extent possible
  2. Investment in any infrastructure must include investment in management, operation and maintenance capacity that is sustainable, and in balance between public needs, government regulation, and private sector interests
  3. All development in the sector must take place under a common strategic framework that is enacted through government-led sector coordination and within a multi-threat risk management framework.
3. General programmatic priorities for the Water Sector
a) Water Resource Management
Building on existing Water Policies in Somaliland and Puntland, investment is needed in a national / sub-national framework that establishes responsibilities at the appropriate levels and covers all requirements of sustainable water resources management, including trans-boundary engagement. One main project is proposed for investment:

Project Title:Strengthening Water Resource Management at all levels in Somalia
Project Description:Complete mapping of ground and surface water   resources. Consolidate all existing work on Water Resources Management in   Somalia, analyse existing legislation and identify remaining gaps and needs   for adaptation. Determine environmentally sustainable, safe abstractions from   known groundwater and surface water bodies. Identify needs for flood   protection and agricultural use. Manage a number of high-level consultations   as well as technical consultations and studies, and support the national   government and regional governments in finalising a complete legal framework   for water governance and water resources management. Support the required   gender-balanced staffing, and institutional capacity (including appropriate   infrastructure) in the relevant ministries and departments. Establish   monitoring systems for ground and surface water resources linked to   information management systems on infrastructure, needs and governance
Project Duration:3-5 years
Implementation Modality:Technical Assistance by a gender balanced team   of experts
Estimated Project Cost:US$ 8,500,000

b). Rural Water Sector

Building on evidence on performance of current traditional and new management practices, investment is needed in viable rural water infrastructure and management options that are context-sensitive and support the mediation of conflict between different user groups in rural areas under appropriate government oversight. Expansion of investment in environmentally sensitive, small- to medium scale surface water retention structures such as dams, sub-surface dams and rainwater harvesting systems is vital in arid parts of Somalia to augment the use of groundwater. Three main projects are proposed for investment:

Project Title:Master plan for rural water development in Somalia
Project Description:Complete mapping of rural water systems and   their management models. Analyse infrastructure needs, requirements for range   management and grazing area preservation, and viability of management models   and develop with government regional and national master plans for rural   water development. Define clear framework for the use of Environmental Impact   Assessments in rural water development. Establish a comprehensive, gender   disaggregated information management system for rural water supply that feeds   into existing and future early warning and drought management systems.
Project Duration:1 – 2 years
Implementation Modality:Technical Assistance by a gender balanced team   of experts
Estimated Project Cost:US$ 1,500,000



 Project Title:
Priority investments in rural water systems for human and livestock   consumption
Project Description: In   advance of the master plan, establish immediate, gender disaggregated needs   under government leadership. In consultation with communities invest in   complete rural water solutions that include extraction infrastructure,   delivery infrastructure, and viable management systems including spare part   supply chains for mechanised systems and water quality monitoring.   Collaborate with Somalia private sector throughout, including for management   models where appropriate.
Project Duration:4-5 years
Implementation Modality:Implementation by aid agencies and contracts   to local and international private sector
Estimated Project Cost:US$ 50,000,000 to 100,000,000

Project Title:Priority investment in water retention and irrigation infrastructure
Project Description: In   advance of the master plan, establish immediate needs under government   leadership, and invest in dams and other rainwater retention structures, as   well as irrigation systems at all levels (ranging from small dams, or   sub-surface dams at village level to large strategic livestock dams and   multi-purpose dams that also permit flood control and irrigation) including   safe extraction infrastructure for both livestock and humans, and viable   management systems that ensure dam maintenance and de-silting. Collaborate
with Somalia and international private sector throughout, including for   management models where appropriate (e.g. for concessions for large dam   systems).
Project Duration:4-5 years
Implementation Modality:Implementation by aid agencies and contracts   to local and international private sector
Estimated Project Cost:US$ 100,000,000 to 200,000,000

c) Urban Water Sector

Support the investment by private or public sector in expansion of urban systems into all residential areas, including informal and poor settlement areas and, building on evidence on performance of current public, private, and mixed management options support viable urban water management options that are context-sensitive, support a pro-poor service delivery, and operate transparently under solid government oversight. Two main projects are proposed for investment:


Project Title:Master plan for urban water development in Somalia
Project Description: Complete mapping of urban water systems and   their management models. Analyse infrastructure needs and viability of   management models and develop with government regional and national master   plans for urban water development, including water safety plans. Define clear   framework for the use of Environmental Impact Assessments in urban water   development. Establish viable water supply master plans, prepare preliminary   designs and cost estimates for priority (short to medium term) interventions   for large cities, including Mogadishu, Kismayo, Garowe, and Hargeisa and   Belet Weyne. Large city planning to include wastewater drainage   infrastructure.
Project Duration:18 months
Implementation Modality:Technical Assistance by a team of experts,   international specialized consultancy forms
Estimated Project Cost:US$ 1,500,000

Project Title:Establishment of new and/or upgrading of existing major urban water   systems (Mogadishu, Kismayo, Garowe, Bosasso, Hargeisa and Belet Weyne)
Project Description:Based on the urban water master plans, design,   validate, and implement building or upgrading of major city systems,   including wastewater drainage
Project Duration:5 years
Implementation Modality:Contracts to international private sector,   sub-contracts and joint ventures with local contractors
Estimated Project Cost:US$ 80,000,000

d) Water Governance

Building on existing water strategies, policies and acts, support the establishment of a national water policy / water act that interacts well with established legislation, supports a decentralised approach to water governance, establishes a transparent, viable and context-specific fee system and incorporates support to existing and future viable service delivery options. Enable vocational skills training in close cooperation with the national and international private sector to ensure that investments in the water sector result in increased direct employment for Somali nationals, and to ensure that appropriate local skills are available for sector expansion needs. Finally, establish clear responsibilities for central and decentralised planning of water sector expansion and of roles and responsibilities of outside actors, in particular by re-engaging in sector coordination that complements the purely humanitarian cluster system. Capacity building at all levels should accompany all investments in governance systems with a focus on strengthening local government capacity. Three projects are proposed for investment:


Project Title:Establish appropriate water regulations, legislation and service delivery   frameworks at all levels
Project Description: Based   on context, existing proven models, consultation with the informal sector,   and the existing sub-national water policies, establish at suitable levels   (municipal, district, region, state, national) water regulations including   water quality standards, tariff structures, including pro-poor tariffs and   cross-subsidizing mechanisms, as well as suitable water legislation   (including water rights, permitting systems, tariff guidelines, penalties,   environmental and water quality standards, construction standards) and other   relevant elements of a comprehensive service delivery framework based on   gender equity. Allow room for the informal sector while it is required for   service coverage.
Project Duration:2 – 3 years, alongside water policy and   Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) framework
Implementation Modality:Technical Assistance
Estimated Project Cost:US$ 2,500,000


Project Title:Establish vocational training centres for key skills in the sector in   strategic locations
Project Description:Based on the experience with vocational   training in Somalia pre-1991, and after a comprehensive capacity building   needs assessment, re-establish at regional level vocational training centres   and technical institutes that are sponsored (including by the provision of   apprenticeships) and co-financed by the local and the international private   sector. Appropriate levels of skill training to be defined based on the   capacity needs assessment and taking into account opportunities for women’s   empowerment.
Project Duration:3 years
Implementation Modality:International aid agencies and   local/international public/private partnerships
Estimated Project Cost:US$ 10,000,000


Project Title:Re-instate government-led sector planning and coordination that is   inclusive of and binding for all external actors
Project Description: Based   on previous limited experience, establish sound planning and coordination   bodies at state and national level that include all external actors and are   led by respective government. Firmly delineate from humanitarian   coordination, while cooperating and communicating consistently with   humanitarian actors
Project Duration:Continuous
Implementation Modality:International Aid agencies and direct grants   to government
Estimated Project Cost:US$ 200,000 / year









Water – Background Paper




Preparing Somalia’s Future: Goals for 2015
Second Istanbul Conference, Turkey
Background Paper on Water






BACKGROUND PAPER ON WATER
31st May 2012
  1. 1.     Introduction

Nearly four out of every five Somalis in 2006 had no access to improved water sources. In rural areas, an inadequate network of pastoral water structures that supply both domestic and livestock water remains the major cause of conflict between pastoralists and settled communities. Recurring droughts, a common natural feature of semi-arid countries, combine with internal displacement and a deteriorated network of water points to compound poor access, forcing supply needs often to be met through emergency operations, such as water trucking. In urban areas, buying water from a small commercial vendor costs up to ten times more than water piped directly into a home by an urban water utility. Even where a connection provides good access to decent quality water, households spend 10% of their annual budget on drinking water alone. Due to such barriers to access, there is competition for water that has developed into conflicts at household and clan level.  In addition, the basic water needs of a large proportion of Somalis are met from water sources that are unprotected and often contaminated with microorganisms. Rural water supply sources are practically uncontrolled.

At the same time, since the collapse of the central government in 1991, local private sector initiatives have made significant progress in improving water systems in town and in some rural areas. This entrepreneurship is a driving force in water system development locally, despite on-going conflict and the constraints of post-conflict reconstruction. There is therefore clearly both a need and a case for investing in water infrastructure in Somalia. Outside investment can capitalise on the capacity of the local private sector and widely established localised management models[2].
  1. 2.     Background
Water Resources and Water Resource Management

1. Somalia is classified as a chronically water scarce country. Over 90% of the arid and semi-arid land areas have extremely limited access to water resources. There are two main sources of water in Somalia: Surface water, in rivers, springs and as rain, and ground water, in aquifers of various depths. The two rivers, Juba and Shabelle, are in the south of the country and both originate in the Ethiopian Highlands from where they draw the bulk of their water. Rainfall is scarce and unless retained in dams, the majority of rainwater runs off into the sea or evaporates. Despite this scarcity, rainwater is the main other source of fresh water besides groundwater in Northern Somalia. The aquifers in Somalia are a combination of shallow aquifers in the riverine areas that are recharged from surface water, and aquifers of often considerable depth elsewhere. Apart from the riverine areas, recharge of aquifers is relatively small, and a large proportion of groundwater draws from connected aquifer formations in neighbouring Kenya and Ethiopia.

2. Groundwater quality in Somalia is relatively poor, due to high levels of salinity. One of the major causes of this elevated mineral content is that the water is or has been in contact with easily dissolvable minerals. In addition, groundwater recharge is inadequate and confined to limited source areas; many aquifers receive no recharge at all and consist of old, highly mineralized fossil water. The river water is also generally of poor quality and carries a high salt content in the dry season. As a large proportion of Somalia’s water resources originate in neighbouring countries, entering into trans-boundary agreements is imperative for long-term water resource management.

3. Internally, there is competing demand for these limited water resources. The land has to sustain pastoralist, agricultural, and urban livelihoods. Consequently, the population has two main types of water needs: stationary supplies for rural and urban settled communities; and water points for the migratory patterns of livestock herders. As the population grows, the different groups increasingly encroach on each other’s use of water. Environmental conditions worsen the negative effects of this interaction; Somalia is regularly affected by prolonged periods of drought.
The Rural Water Sector in Somalia

4. The majority of Somalis live in rural areas; they are pastoralists and semi-sedentary agro-pastoralists with some permanent village dwellers. Water needs are met by rivers (seasonal and permanent), springs, rainwater harvesting facilities (surface reservoirs or “balleys” and cement lined tanks or “berkeds”) shallow wells and deep boreholes. The network of pastoral water supply structures is highly inadequate and leads to environmental degradation through overgrazing around existing water points.

5. Water shortages are usually experienced during the long dry season (Jilaal) when the population can only rely on the two permanent rivers (the Juba and Shabelle) and ground water supplies (permanent springs, boreholes, permanent wells). Drought and internal displacement severely constrain access to water, with supply needs often met through costly water trucking to water storage facilities in permanent settlements or directly to grazing areas.

6. All water away from the big cities is communally or privately owned and supplied.  Water is either (privately) transported to users from a city’s supply, is collected in cement catchments (berkeds) by private entrepreneurs, or is sourced from communal or private wells and boreholes.  An active private sector system for water delivery to communal or individual berkeds is well established.
The Urban Water Sector in Somalia

7. Rapid urban growth, accelerated by internal displacement causes a steadily growing demand on water services in larger towns and cities. Private businesses have taken over some of the urban water utilities. Where regulated, water for the poor is often free or subsidized, but where they rely on small-scale water vendors poor people can pay as much as five times more for water than those who can access a piped system. In cities affected by the protracted conflict in the South no functional utilities of any significant size exist, and water is mostly provided in small neighbourhood networks or through private vendors with water carts.

8. In a number of towns and cities, Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) arrangements have mostly rectified these deficiencies and a number of larger settlements now have substantial coverage from piped networks with affordable public access points for the poor. This decentralized management of utilities points to a sustainable solution to urban water development in Somalia.
Water Governance in Somalia

9. Even at the time of the collapse of the Somali State in 1991, there was no effective legislation in Somalia governing the development, access, allocation and use of the country’s water resources. Formally, the law provided that water was public property, but allowed appropriation and usage according to the stipulations of administrative permits. A series of Laws[3] (Law No. 28, 29, 16; Decree Law No. 1 of 1966) governed water resources conservation.

10. In most rural communities, the establishment of such formal legislation did not have much impact; instead, traditional law (Xeer) and the Islamic Sharia law are upheld and commonly applied. According to these traditional rules, the right to use surface water (either for domestic use or irrigation) would depend only on the ownership or the right to access land along the river (or other surface water body) where the water is drawn from. Similarly, the right to access underground water is associated with the rights over the land on which the groundwater source has been established. At present, these customary practices are still commonly applied in rural Somalia. Consequently, access to water in Somalia is inevitably connected to land rights and tenure.

11. To regulate the use of water resources, the Government of Somalia drafted a National Water Resources Law in 1984. The draft law, which was never formally endorsed by Parliament, comprehensively addressed the issue of water rights. Remaining issues were addressed in the new draft Water Law of 1990. The enactment and implementation of this new Law was not complete when the old government collapsed in 1991. After 2004, international support was given to both Somaliland and Puntland to draft and enter into force Water Acts for their respective territories. These drew on both established and traditional law and custom and have re-instated crucial government oversight over a scarce resource in these legislations. At this time there are no recorded agreements between Somalia, Kenya, and Ethiopia that govern the shared catchment area for Somalia’s water.
Water Service delivery in Somalia

12. In the pre-1991 Government setup, levels of centralised control were very high, and community participation in management, operations, and maintenance of local infrastructure was generally very low. The gap was so large that people and communities were completely disconnected from government operations. Local water infrastructure was planned, implemented, operated and managed by the central authorities and their appointed agents.

13. After prolonged conflict, communities started to take over local water operations, maintenance and management functions. In many cases, the takeover was after substantial damage had been done to systems, and they were either irreparable or repair was beyond the financial and technical reach of the local communities. Elsewhere, previously advanced water distribution systems were turned into rudimentary supply schemes, with people operating the dilapidated infrastructure to their best ability.

14. Since the collapse of Central Government, water sector service provision has been largely in the hands of communities and the private sector. This is in direct contrast to the situation in many African and developing countries where, historically, the water sector has been dominated by National and Local Government departments. This provides a positive opportunity for Somalia since vested interests that may hinder private sector participation in the water sector do not have to be overcome. The results of this legacy are notable in the success of urban public-private partnerships in water. At this point, more than 10 PPP arrangements manage urban water systems well and provide water of reasonable quality at acceptable prices to all parts of urban society.

15. Private operators also exist in rural areas, but the scale is much smaller, while cost recovery and profitmaking is more difficult (against investment costs that could be of a similar order as for urban schemes). For this reason, rural water supply remains mostly under community-based management. A pilot project to extend PPP services from urban centres to surrounding rural settlements is on-going and its feasibility has yet to be established.

16. Community management has its own challenges.  At the local level, several types of Water Users Associations (WUAs) are currently involved in the management and operations of rural water supply and irrigation systems. Most of these existing WUAs have been formed by communities or groups of water users, for the purpose of cooperative management, operation and maintenance of water supply infrastructure. In addition, they play an important role in conflict resolution, mediation, user agreements and allocations at the local level, awareness creation, and community mobilisation (e.g. for self-help maintenance works). They do, however, suffer from poor capitalisation, limited technical skills, and skill migration to urban centres. As a consequence, the majority of mechanised rural water systems need repeated outside investment by donors to maintain their functionality.

17. Overall, the water sector is severely constrained by the lack of skilled professionals. The protracted conflict in the country has created a ‘skill gap’ that significantly limits the capacity of the Somali people to actively participate in reconstruction and rebuilding.
  1. 3.     Vision / Strategy for Investment in the Water Sector

18. Based on collective experience of all water actors in Somalia, a feasible strategy for sustainable investment in the sector must cover four major thematic areas. Firstly, the sustainable and integrated management of water resources must be governed by enforceable law and include constructive engagement with neighbouring countries that host the majority of catchment areas for Somalia’s water. This should extend to environmental management, catchment protection, conservation of water resources, enforcement of water quality and safety standards, and social aspects of water resource management.

19. Secondly, the investment in rural water services, where pastoralists and agro-pastoralists compete with settled communities over a scarce resource must diversify in technology and support functional decentralised management models that are appropriate for context and environment, including but not restricted to partnerships with private sector operators under government regulation (Public-Private Partnership, PPP).

20. Thirdly, investment in urban water systems must build on functional and/or demonstrated service delivery models (which include varieties of PPPs) and equally promote context-specific decentralised solutions for better service delivery to all groups, including the urban poor.

21. Fourthly, government at state level must be supported to enforce (where they exist) or establish sound water policies and water legislation that govern extraction rights, access rights, water conservation, water quality, sustainable service delivery including cost recovery mechanisms and water tariff guidelines, equitable access and pro-poor water supply mechanisms (including cross-subsidies) and sound sector management and coordination, amongst other topics. At the national level, government should enact equally sound legislation to ensure integrated water resource management across the country and in close constructive cooperation with its neighbours. Local and regional government should become partners in business-driven vocational training centres and technical training institutes where existing and future staff of water utilities in both rural and urban areas can obtain the required skills for operations, maintenance, management and planning of water services.



22. A Strategy for the sector could therefore be summarised as investment in systems and people, with systems investment in hardware, software, and regulatory frameworks, and in people in vocational, management, and governance capacity.  It should follow three core principles:
  1. Management and service delivery are decentralised to the extent possible
  2. Investment in any infrastructure must include investment in management, operation and maintenance capacity that is sustainable, and in balance between public needs, government regulation, and private sector interests
  3. All development in the sector must take place under a common strategic framework that is enacted through government-led sector coordination and within a multi-threat risk management framework.

The strategy should focus on 4 key sub-sectors:
  1. Water Resource Management
  2. Rural Water Sector
  3. Urban Water Sector
  4. Water Governance

The following section defines goals for each sub-sector and describes an overall assessment of investment priorities in the sub-sector.
  1. 4.     Goals and Priority areas for investment in the water sector in Somalia
Sub-Sector 1 – Water Resource Management

Goal 1: Building on existing water resource management policies, establish a clear framework of national and regional responsibilities for managing water resources in all of Somalia, including groundwater abstraction rights, flood management, and agricultural use of water
Goal 2: Strengthen government capacity at national and regional level to oversee sustainable water resource management in Somalia
Goal 3: Support trans-boundary agreements with Ethiopia and Kenya on river usage and management of catchment areas
Goal 4: Building on existing water quality studies, establish Somali water quality standards, and build capacity to enforce them at all levels

The needs in water resource management in Somalia are vast. With two large riverine areas where agricultural communities require access to irrigation water and a sound environmental framework on agricultural use, and the large areas of central and northern Somalia where groundwater abstraction must be managed sustainably, and surface water management must include flood management, the requirements for an IWRM framework are complex. Different development approaches are needed for the three main ecological zones in Somalia; e.g. shallow wells and modern extraction technology in coastal and riverine areas, Hafir dams augmenting groundwater on the plateaus, and surface water catchments and sub-surface dams complementing boreholes and springs in the highlands.

Before and since 1991 numerous studies and consultations were implemented in IWRM. A comprehensive “Somalia Water and Land Information Management” System (SWALIM) exists that hosts data on water resources in the country. Based on this existing work, support to an comprehensive IWRM system in Somalia must start with establishing all existing information, followed by completing the mapping of all ground and surface water sources, including hydrogeological surveys where necessary. This must also include mapping of agricultural uses, pastoral uses (including range management issues of grazing areas and dry / wet season water sources), water quality issues, and means of water extraction. With water catchment areas mostly outside of Somalia, trans-boundary issues must be analysed and mapped as well.

Rainwater harvesting in all varieties needs to be included prominently. This will contribute to sustainable surface water management, but also flood prevention, and support investment in crucial rainwater harvesting approaches especially in urban centres but also for rural communities that are affected by and could benefit from seasonal flooding in dry areas.

The extraction of groundwater since 1991 was mostly un-regulated and has led to excessive drilling of boreholes in often-unsuitable locations, which has also caused dependencies and environmental degradation. The safe and sustainable extraction of groundwater must be addressed as a priority in an IWRM framework, and the number of operational boreholes regulated to a sustainable and strategic level. Other water source development, especially more efficient use of surface- and rainwater and optimising use of natural springs should consistently be explored to augment and complement groundwater extraction.

For this and reasons of overall sustainability communities must be involved in the shaping of an IWRM framework as well as in its implementation. The specific needs of Somali pastoralists, and their inevitable conflict over sharing scarce water resources with communities and agricultural use, has to be prominently dealt with in an IWRM structure.

Finally, existing ground water quality studies must be completed and complemented with a comprehensive assessment of surface water quality and feed into an overall water quality / water safety framework for Somalia that sets clear drinking water standards (working towards achieving WHO Guidelines) and standards for other types of water usage. Any framework must take into account specific known groundwater quality issues such as overall salinity and fluoride content in some areas.
Sub-Sector 2 – Rural Water Sector

Goal 1: Building on evidence on performance of current traditional and new management practices support viable rural water management options that are context-sensitive and support the mediation of conflict between different user groups in rural areas under solid government oversight
Goal 2: Support the investment in small- to medium scale surface water retention structures such as dams, sub-surface dams, spring catchments and rainwater harvesting systems to augment the use of groundwater in rural areas
Goal 3: Support the exploration of and investment in alternative extraction technology such as solar- and wind-powered pumps

Investment needs in the rural sector to an extent re-iterate the needs in IWRM. The eternal dilemma between water for human consumption and water for livestock as a key determinant of Somali livelihoods is a priority for investment in any rural water system of any size. This issue, which is at the core of rural water management in Somalia, reaches into water availability, and is fuelled by the scarcity of water in many places. The augmentation and complementation of groundwater sources with current technologies in surface water retention and rainwater harvesting is therefore crucial for a long-term sustainable perspective for the rural water sector in Somalia.

Over and above sound planning and investment, which must be done with constant community involvement, the engagement with communities is essential (as already referred to in the IWRM section) for preventing conflicts over rural water sources.

Rural water management in Somalia is also a key factor in stemming environmental degradation. In pastoral areas livestock in the dry season must graze where there is water, which often leads to overgrazing, erosion, and substantial soil degradation in these areas. Also, the scope and strength of flash flooding in dry parts of the country has contributed substantially to surface erosion and loss of fertile topsoil into the sea. Investment in strategic watering points, overall rangeland management, and the management of surface water run-off therefore will contribute significantly to safeguarding the Somali environment. Despite the often small scale of rural water developments, the consistent use of Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) or modified / simplified varieties should be part of sub-sector development.

The use of wind- and solar power for extraction or distribution of water has been tried in Somalia and is particularly viable in the North where both wind and solar energy are usually abundant. Similarly, successful projects in spring catchments and gravity feeds should be explored further and expanded as appropriate.

The diversity of the rural water sector makes a water system monitoring structure crucial to maintaining an understanding and oversight over water use and extraction in rural areas. SWALIM is an excellent basis for such a system, and investments in infrastructure and management for rural water systems should be accompanied by investing in a monitoring and information management system within and beyond SWALIM. This will also significantly contribute to drought prevention and early warning systems.

The use of water for agricultural purposes must be addressed specifically in rural areas. The riverine communities, while confined to a small part of the country, are crucial to domestic food production. In addition, they host the largest proportions of assimilated IDPs, a fact not fully reflected in current thinking about humanitarian vulnerability in Somalia. Water from the rivers is available to some degree throughout the year. In exceptionally dry years channels are dug to access sub-surface water. Quality, not quantity is therefore the main concern of these communities, and successful use of infiltration galleries and wind- or solar powered extraction from riverine shallow wells can serve as examples for more widespread implementation. The environmental dynamics in the riverine areas are complex, relate to farming practices and crop management, and directly affect availability, quality, and wider environmental issues.
Sub-Sector 3 – Urban Water Supply

Goal 1: Building on evidence on performance of current public, private, and mixed management models, support viable urban water management options that are context-sensitive, support a pro-poor service delivery, and operate transparently under solid government oversight
Goal 2: Support the investment by private or public sector in expansion of urban systems into all residential areas, including informal and poor settlement areas

Steady urbanisation is putting both water resources and water delivery systems in urban areas under considerable strain. The investment needs in water in Somalia’s cities are therefore in water source development and consolidation of sustainable use, in distribution networks, and in service delivery models that safeguard the water resources while serving all urban residents to an acceptable standard of quality and quantity.

With the bulk of urban water coming from groundwater resources cities are especially crucial in the IWRM framework and regulations must ensure that water utilities in urban centres in Somalia do not over-extract from limited groundwater resources. While further exploration of new sources, even at a distance for large cities, should cautiously be explored, an early adoption of strict building standards that prescribe rooftop rainwater harvesting and service models that encourage water conservation (e.g. block tariffs) when investing in the sector are crucial to maintaining water supplies to Somali cities.

Water quality is an equally prominent topic in urban areas, where population density intensifies problems of hygiene and sanitation, and cross-contamination from sanitation systems into water distribution systems is more likely. Water quality standards, as referred to earlier in this paper, must therefore specifically address the needs of urban populations.  In the short term, the abundant use of shallow wells and informal water vendors will have to continue, but must receive more attention in terms of water quality and risks to public health. Municipal rules on well / water cart chlorination are an example for a suitable approach.

Construction standards for urban systems must be strengthened and enforced for the building and expansion of urban water systems. Starting with safeguarding systems against water contamination, and extending to issues of system performance at peak times, dimensioning of distribution and trunk lines, and positioning of storage tanks, materials used, etc. there is a wide range of quality issues in urban water systems that need to be addressed to ensure continuous service delivery.

Improved urban water supplies inevitably generate wastewater. While this is not per sea water sector issue, water system construction and expansion must take into account the consequences of wastewater resulting form increased access. Wastewater will in urban areas rapidly become a public health problem if wastewater drainage and sewage systems are not addressed early on alongside water system development.  In Mogadishu this is of the highest priority.

The management of urban water services, just like in rural areas, requires strengthening and a better regulatory framework. Investment should capitalise on the successes of Public-Partnerships in a number of Somali cities, both on the service delivery and the regulation side. While the diversity of management models is to an extent driven by context, a regulatory framework also needs to define what management models (e.g. municipal water agencies, PPPs) are appropriate in urban areas to ensure pro-poor service delivery to all residents.

Finally, the management of urban water systems must closely fit into an IWRM framework that acknowledges the drain urban centres have on surrounding water tables and the consequent effect on nearby rural communities.
Sub-Sector 4 – Water Governance, Service Delivery, Sector Planning and Management

Goal 1: Building on existing water policies / water acts, support the establishment of a national water policy / water act that interacts well with established legislation and supports a decentralised approach to water governance
Goal 2: Invest in operational and institutional capacity and financial viability through viable fees and levies in regulatory authorities at all levels of government
Goal 3: Based on evidence of performance of all currently existing service delivery models and learning from similar situations elsewhere, establish as part of water sector legislation a clear framework of acceptable and viable decentralised service delivery options with strong legal definitions and clear conditions of performance and sustainability
Goal 4: Support the building of vocational and other relevant skills in close cooperation with the national and international private sector to ensure growth in service delivery maintains quality and results in increased employment for Somalis in the sector
Goal 5: As part of water sector legislation support the establishment of clear responsibilities for central and decentralised planning of water sector expansion and of roles and responsibilities of outside actors, including the aid community and the international private sector

Like IWRM, Water Governance is an overarching topic to be addressed when investing in the water sector in Somalia, and it is of matching complexity and importance. The current legal framework is dominated by an incomplete collection of old and new, national and sub-national policy documents and laws, without a coherent legislative framework for the sector. However, the existing documents are a starting point, and the priority investment in water governance should clearly map and then address the gaps between water policies, water acts, and water standards that exist in the different jurisdiction in Somalia.

In the process a careful and inclusive definition of the role of government, and the role of service providers in relation to users and other stakeholders is essential. A comprehensive water governance framework must also define the roles of all actors at all levels, and in particular lay out clearly where service delivery takes place and what responsibilities can be devolved to what level. An overall drive for decentralisation of services would be appropriate in line with the positive experience of decentralised service reforms in other countries. Decentralisation does not necessarily imply an over-reliance on the private sector, in certain contexts public service delivery may still be the most appropriate model. However, the success of PPPs in Somalia is a strong indication of the viability of this model in this society.

Service delivery in Somalia, in particular in rural areas, must involve communities to ensure an inclusive concept that takes into account the traditional approach to water and land rights that remain the main determinants in water management up to this day.  In many places management by communities may continue to be the best option. This could include giving communities access to new micro-finance tools to build or upgrade their own water supply without outside involvement.

Water regulations will have to address a multitude of issues, and at different levels of authority as appropriate. Key examples are the establishment and enforcement of construction standards, water quality standards, minimum service delivery standards, water and land access for all users, water extraction limitations and monitoring of extraction volumes, licensing of operators, including informal water vendors, and the monitoring of water supply systems and their functionality, amongst many others.

The history of private sector engagement in service delivery, and the subsequent successes in encouraging PPPs in the water sector has made this management model a prime investment option in water service delivery. However, so far success is only demonstrated with urban utilities, a project expanding urban PPPs to rural areas is still underway. Nevertheless, key lessons that were learned in urban PPPs should be taken into consideration in future investment. Examples are to improve current lease contracts, introduce concessions (such as build-operate/own-transfer) with private sector investment, strengthening public oversight, opening tariff setting for user participation, strengthening pro-poor and pro-environment water tariffs etc. This requires work both on legal frameworks and the agreements between water utilities and the government, but also substantial capacity building both in government and municipal departments as well as in water utilities and interested private sector firms. Notable initiatives of preparing local private sector actors for PPPs  (through chambers of commerce) should be expanded and refined.

The lack of vocational and technical skills is impeding development in the sector. Vocational training centres and technical training institutes, depending on the skill types and levels required, are attractive investments for the private sector, where government could be supportive in terms of standardising vocational qualifications and curricula. The commercial benefit for the private sector would be immense. The skill gap, however, goes further and a comprehensive capacity building needs assessment should be carried out for all stakeholders, followed by significant investment to build the relevant capacity, but in particular of those involved in oversight, quality control, and management of water service delivery.

Finally, while international actors continue to be part of water sector development, government-led coordination is crucial for a more harmonized support by the international community. The history of interference of humanitarian actors with development approaches has damaged long-term investment in management models and sustainability approaches, and is detrimental to the sector. Therefore, government must be empowered and supported to lead sector coordination that works alongside and in harmony with, but separate from the currently solely existing humanitarian cluster system. Humanitarian actors must better practise a do no harm approach and avoid interference with development approaches in the sector during humanitarian response.



Annex 1 – Private Sector Participation in the Water Sector in Somalia

The following gives a brief overview of private sector participation in water in Somalia. The role of the national and the international private sector can be in service provision, investment, and in trade in a variety of modalities. This paper summarises examples of viable involvement of both the national and the international private sector in water in Somalia.

  1. Service Provision

  1. Water resource assessment and investigation: Firms specialised in hydrogeological exploration can bid for contracts in ground water mapping and ground water exploration
  2. System design and development: Engineering and Construction firms can bid for contracts in drilling of wells and the design and implementation of water distribution systems
  3. Operations: Established water utilities, specifically formed companies / consortia or other management firms can bid for lease agreements to operate established water systems in public-private partnerships
  4. Technical services: Engineering firms to provide specific services for water operators and water authorities under e.g. framework contracts

  1. Investment

  1. Established water utilities, specifically formed companies / consortia or other management firms can bid for concessions e.g. to build, operate, own and transfer (BOOT) water systems by putting up an agreed value of investment in a Public-private partnership
  2. Established institutions, specifically formed entities or other suitable companies can bid for the set-up and operation of vocational training centres for water-related skill sets, either as a private or public-private partnership operation that provides skill training for water system operators

  1. Trade & Manufacturing

  1. Established traders or specialised suppliers to set-up dedicated supply lines for spare parts, construction materials, pumping equipment, pipes and fittings, water storage systems, and the associated chemicals and hygiene items
  2. Established traders or specialised suppliers to engage with humanitarian actors to substitute traditional goods distribution by agencies with subsidised products made available in locally accessible shops at agreed prices for populations in need
  3. Opportunities to link potential Somali manufacturing industries (eg pipes, cement etc) with international companies to provide training and improve quality


Annex 2 – References
The following are a selection of key references supporting the Background Paper and the Conference Paper on Water. The list is not meant to be exhaustive, but points to the wealth of documentation that already exists on water in Somalia.
Water Resources and Water Resource Management
1. SWALIM (2007): Water Resources of Somalia. Water Reports Series
http://www.faoswalim.org/Water%20Reports%20Series
2. Faillace, C. & Faillace, E. (1987): Water Quality Data Book of Somalia. GTZ, Eschborn
3. SWALIM (2008): Water Sources Inventory for Northern Somalia. Water Reports Series
http://www.faoswalim.org/Water%20Reports%20Series
3. SWALIM (2008): Water Sources Inventory for Central – South Somalia. Water Reports Series
http://www.faoswalim.org/Water%20Reports%20Series
4. SWALIM (2007): Potential of Rainwater Harvesting in Somalia: A Planning, Design, Implementation and Monitoring Framework. Water Reports Series
http://www.faoswalim.org/Water%20Reports%20Series
5. Faillace, C (1998): Brief Note on the occurence of High Fluoride Content in Groundwater of Somalia.  Geologica Romana, 34:51-57
http://tetide.geo.uniroma1.it/dst/grafica_nuova/pubblicazioni_DST/geologica_romana/Volumi/VOL%2034/GR_34_51_57_Faillace.pdf
Rural Water
United Nations / World Bank (2008): Somali Joint Needs Assessment – Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Sector Document
http://www.somali-jna.org/index.cfm?Module=ActiveWeb&Page=WebPage&s=documentation
SWALIM (2007): Status of Medium to Large Irrigation Schemes in Southern Somalia. Water Reports Series
http://www.faoswalim.org/Water%20Reports%20Series
Urban Water
European Commission / Hydroconseil (2002): Study on the Commercialisation of Urban Water in Somalia, Nairobi
http://www.docstoc.com/docs/2375779/Study-on-the-Commercialisation-of-Urban-Water-Distribution-and
P.G.Nembrini (1998): Water Quality Study Mogadishu and Kismayo. ICRC, Geneva
http://vince.mec.ac.ke/publications/mogadishu-kismayo-somalia/
World Bank (1985): Somalia – Mogadishu Water Supply Project
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/1985/06/741918/somalia-mogadishu-water-supply-project
World Bank (1990): Somalia – Second Mogadishu Water Supply Project
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/1990/06/738152/somalia-second-mogadishu-water-supply-project
Water Governance
Somaliland National Water Policy (2004)
Puntland Water Policy (2007)
UNICEF & Panafcon (2009): Water Policy Framework South Central Somalia
Available on request from UNICEF Somalia
Somalia Aid Coordination Body (2003): Final Report – Workshop to Review and Develop the Strategic Framework for Co-ordinated Approaches to the Promotion of Water, Environmental Sanitation and Infrastructure Development in Somalia
Available on request from UNICEF Somalia
European Commission (2004): Support to Employment Promotion in Somalia
www.somali-jna.org/downloads/pett%20final%20rpt.pdf
Nenova, Tatjana (2004): Private sector response to the absence of
government institutions in Somalia. World Bank, Washington
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOMALIAEXTN/Resources/Nenova-Somalia-PrivateSector.pdf





Partnership Forum on Resilience




Preparing Somalia’s Future: Goals for 2015
Second Istanbul Conference, Turkey
Partnership Forum on 31st May 2012
10.30 am to 03.00 pm
Conference Paper on Resilience


CONFERENCE PAPER FOR THE PARTNERSHIP FORUM ON RESILIENCE
31st May 2012, 10.30 to 15.00
Objective:
The Partnership Forum on Resilience will review and discuss the rationale and building blocks for a multi-year, multi-stakeholder Strategy for Enhancing Resilience in Somalia
Outcomes and Deliverables:
  1. To endorse the need to prioritize investment in resilience to assist at risk Somali populations
  2. To agree on the ‘three building blocks’ of resilience, namely:
  • Strengthen productive sectors for vulnerable working populations;
  • Improve availability, access, quality, responsiveness and reliability of basic services to protect and strengthen the human and productive capital bases of vulnerable households;
  • Promote predictable safety nets for a minimum of social protection;
  1. To agree on the Guiding Principles for the proposed Resilience Strategy, i.e.:
  • Alignment with priorities detailed in national and regional strategies
  • Based on multi-stakeholder coalitions, supported by multi-year engagements
  • Implementation based on assessment and monitoring of capacities, vulnerabilities and related resilience of households and communities
  • Implementation tailored geographically, to specific livelihoods, community preferences, institutional contexts and coalition partners’ capacities
  1. To promote coalitions of facilitators of resiliency (amongst private sector, Diaspora, resource partners, faith communities, community organizations, international agencies and organizations, etc.)

TimeSession
10.30-11.30Presentation of the Resilience StrategyPlenary Discussion
11.30-13.00 

Plenary: Discussion and agreement in principle   ofü    Centrality of enhancing   and protecting resilience in humanitarian, development and investment   initiativesü    Appropriateness/adequacy   of proposed three “building blocks”
13.00-15.00Plenary: Discussion and recognition ofü    Guiding principlesü    Identification of   coalitions/partnerships of facilitators of resilience
15.00Adjourn

Background and context
Resilience is the ability to anticipate, resist, absorb and recover in a timely and efficient manner from external pressures and shocks in ways that preserve integrity and do not deepen vulnerability. This includes the ability to withstand threats and theability to adapt if needed to new options in the face of shocks and crises. The people of Somalia are remarkably resilient, especially given the multiple and protracted challenges that have marked Somalia over time but this varies by gender, age and livelihood group. This resilience is grounded in determination, entrepreneurialism, mobility and communities of solidarity and generosity. More than other societies, given inadequacies in public and private, formal and informal systems that provide support, Somalis must rely principally on their own resilience to protect their lives and livelihoods.
Local resiliency has its limits, especially given sustained and myriad threats often generated by factors well beyond the control of individuals or communities. One Minister neatly summarizes these threats as “war, weather and weak governance/economy”. As witnessed in the famine of 2011, some shocks overwhelm the resiliency of the poorest or marginalised, leading to destitution, displacement, hunger, illness, death and the breakdown of families and communities. These intolerable outcomes call for a paradigm shift in support of the resiliency of the poor or marginalised; current engagements and assistance modalities are important but simply inadequate. The delayed response to the warnings of crisis issued from 2010 starkly demonstrated the limits of the international humanitarian community as well as the extent of inadequate efforts to build resilience in the years prior to the famine.
Proposed Resiliency Strategy and General Programmatic Priorities
The strategy calls for fundamental changes so that humanitarian, development and investment stakeholders become more relevant and meaningful facilitators of resilience with the people of Somalia. It is focused on building capacities and contingencies, with households and communities, to enable them to withstand shocks and broaden their abilities to adapt to changing conditions. This includes a greater emphasis on the reduction and management of shocks (rather than singular reliance on crisis response) and enhanced investments in building productive, human, social, natural and financial resources within households and communities, recognizing the different roles, capacities and needs of women and men, girls and boys.
Restored and enhanced resilience can be achieved through multi-year initiatives designed to protect and strengthen livelihood asset bases, improve access to public, private and communal assets and services, creating new economic opportunities through livelihood diversification and intensification, strengthening people’s skills, expanding access to information to better inform decisions in the face of hazardous events and ensuring basic needs are met for destitute and seasonally at risk populations and supporting voluntary and sustainable return of internally displaced persons to their places of origin. Somalia has 1,36 million internally displaced persons as a result of decades of war and successive natural calamities – part of this population can regain and further enhance their previous livelihoods through voluntary return. In light of the existing nature and potential opportunities for building resilience, this strategy entails sustained investments to reduce and mitigate risks (social, natural, political and economic) and to ensure that resources will be locally available and effective and efficient for crisis response and recovery in a timely fashion. The three building blocks and key components for enhancing resiliency in Somalia are:
  1. Strengthen productive sectors for vulnerable working households, recognizing the different roles and needs of women and men. This includes deepening and improving access to physical asset bases, generating increased output with fewer inputs through enhanced technologies, improving access to decent employment, expanding access and improving the functioning of market systems and market information. Focus areas at the household and community level include:
ü  Diversification of livelihood strategies to increase options to adapt to risks, including predictable, seasonal labour opportunities for asset creation to promote crisis recovery, mitigate the potential impacts of future shocks and support the sustainable reintegration of returnees.
ü  Intensification and extensification of production to build capacity to withstand shocks, including community based natural resource management
ü  Market Access/Market Information to increase income, build capacity to withstand shocks and increase options to adapt to threats
  1. Basic services to protect human capital for at risk individuals and households, focusing on systems and services that enhance people’s resilience. This includes good health, adequate nutrition and education, safety and adequate skills. These outcomes are necessary to withstand shocks, adapt in the face of crises and ensure sustainability of return. This includes basic services as well as support services, such as extension, to the productive sectors, as well as sharpening information and knowledge management. Focus areas include:
ü  Community assessment, monitoring, information and knowledge systems to build more robust and actionable understandings of how services function, the barriers to access to services for women and men, boys and girls and the identification of why some are less resilient than others
ü  Household and community care practices, demand and access to servicessuch as community based water, health, education and nutrition as well as protection, further supported by conditional transfers to meet these objectives as well as contribute to a reliable safety net. This includes community-based services for reintegration of voluntary returnees.
ü  Ensuring adequate knowledge and skill bases to promote wellbeing, decrease the need for treatment and curative action and deepen skills to strengthen the effectiveness of coping strategies and enhance options for adapting to crises as well as strengthening institutions that support service delivery.
  1. Promote safety nets for a minimum of social protection to build resilience by integrating initiatives to develop a more systematic safety net, comprising a number of different programmes, tailored to women and men’s household needs, enabling households to be secure in the knowledge that their basic needs are achievable on a daily basis and that, in the event of a shock, their survival is assured. Importantly, the safety nets also facilitate the first stages of returnee reintegration, providing them with a foundation to embrace sustainable productive activities (Pillar I), access basic social services (Pillar 2), and facilitating longer term livelihood recovery and development. This entails moving beyond the discontinuous cycles of short term assistance. Focus areas include:
ü  Reliable support to the chronically and seasonally at risk ensures that immediate needs are met and encourages prudent risk-taking to increase the effectiveness of livelihood strategies.
These three building blocks of resiliency are integrated and complementary. All three blocks (1, 2 and 3) are important for enhancing and protecting the resources on which households and communities draw on to anticipate, accommodate, adjust and recover from crises. Basic public and private services (2) are important for safeguarding these resources include water and sanitation systems, health, education, skills training and education and sanitation, among others. A particular focus is on the availability, quality, access, stability, demand and responsiveness of these services to women and men, girls and boys, including in times of humanitarian emergencies. A coherent system for ensuring access by the most vulnerable to productive opportunities (1), to social services (2), and minimum consumption needs (3) forms the basis of safety nets and social protection, with resilient communities and households reducing the need for transfers over time.
The strategy focuses on the livelihood strategies of those most at risk in Somalia, including wage labourers, micro and small enterprise owners, farmers, pastoralists, agro-pastoralists and fishing communities. When households, communities and networks for goods and services are resilient, people realize positive livelihood outcomes (sufficient income, food security, safety, proper nutrition, good health etc.) and ecosystems are preserved and protected for the future.
In this strategy, the concept of “enhancing resilience” refers to concerted actions to help communities to sustainably cope with crises on the basis of principally community-based initiatives to improve food security, livelihoods and access to key services. Strengthening local governance and institutional development, as well as conflict prevention, plays a key supporting role in community level resilience. This will include supporting at community level household, community, CSOs, and private sector interventions for resilience, building capacity of formal and informal systems at local level early-on in conflict/disaster risk-ridden Somalia, including systems for community based early warning and preparedness.
Initiatives to enhance resiliency are understood to meet the following minimum criteria:
ü  Products or services to be prioritized and targeted through community dialogue
ü  Gender disaggregated information/analysis required to ensure that capacities and vulnerabilities are identified and correctly addressed as part of a safety net for social protection
ü  Provides predictability so populations can take prudent risks
ü  Directly reduces risk at the household and communal levels
Some agencies are refocusing modalities of mutual engagement towards common analysis, monitoring and accountability, recognizing that all three building blocks must be present for household and community resilience. Based on the above minimum criteria, some agencies will identify and delimit activities within their portfolios that will be aligned within specific geographic areas to ensure all building blocks are in place. Engaged agencies will:
ü  Promote alignment, sequencing, coordination and targeting of multi-sectoral activities.
ü  Develop a common gender sensitive monitoring framework to jointly measure resilience outcomes.
ü  Improve the quality, scope and coordination of resilience, capacity and vulnerability assessment on which interventions are based.
The focus on resilience provides opportunities to overcome the divide between humanitarian and development programming in order to better address overlapping risks and stresses. To realize these opportunities, the current aid architecture needs to evolve to allow more flexibility of funding and better focus of the various investment development and humanitarian funding streams and objectives to promote resilience, including greater focus on the role of the private sector. It also requires large-scale, multi-year and comprehensive approaches, with particular emphasis on partnerships across stakeholders and cross-sectoral collaboration. Istanbul II affords an unparalleled opportunity to galvanize coalitions of facilitators of resilience in solidarity with the people of Somalia.




SOMALIA: A RESILIENCE STRATEGY


OVERVIEWResilience is the ability to anticipate, resist, absorb and recover in a timely and efficient manner from   external pressures and shocks in ways that preserve integrity and do not   deepen vulnerability. This includes the ability to withstand threats   and the ability to adapt if needed to new options in the face of   crises. The people of Somalia are remarkably resilient, especially given the multiple   and protracted challenges that have marked Somalia over time, but this   resilience varies by gender, age and livelihood group. This resilience is   grounded in determination, entrepreneurialism, mobility, and communities of   solidarity and generosity that span the local to the international.
More than other societies, given inadequacies   in public and private, formal and informal systems that provide support,   Somalis must rely principally on their own resilience to protect their lives   and livelihoods. As witnessed in the famine of 2011, some threats can   overwhelm the resiliency of the poorest or marginalised, leading to   intolerable outcomes including destitution, displacement, hunger, fear,   despair, illness, death and the breakdown of families and communities. One   Minister neatly summarizes these threats as “war, weather and weak governance   and economy”.
For more than two decades, natural, political   and economic threats and associated failures of resilience have been   addressed principally through two paradigms: state building and humanitarian   assistance, respectively. While vital, these efforts are necessary but not   sufficient for effectively building resilience to help at risk populations   withstand future shocks sustainably. A shift of paradigm is needed towards   building the resilience of Somali households and communities in the medium-   and longer-term, including through multi-year engagements.
The strategy for enhancing resilience in   Somalia is grounded on three building blocks:
1)       Strengthen productive sectors for   vulnerable working populations;
2)       Basic services to protect human   capital; and
3)       Predictable safety nets for a   minimum of social protection;

In light of the existing nature and potential   opportunities for building resilience, this strategy entails sustained   investments to reduce and mitigate risks (social, natural, political and   economic) and to ensure that resources will be locally available and   effective and efficient for crisis response and recovery in a timely fashion.
This strategy is presented to the community of   stakeholders concerned with the well-being of the Somali population. It is   encouraged that coalitions of facilitators of resilience can be formed and sustained based on the core elements. Some agencies   are refocusing modalities of mutual engagement in practical terms to enhance   common analysis, monitoring and accountability against a joint outcomes   framework by a strategic alignment of programmes, recognizing that all three   building blocks must be present for household and community resilience.

  1.         I.            RESILIENCE IN THE CONTEXT OF SOMALIA
Resilience is the ability to anticipate, absorb and recover from external pressures and shocks in ways that preserve the integrity of individuals, households and communities while not deepening vulnerability. This includes both the ability to withstand threats and the ability to adapt if needed to new options in the face of shocks and crises. When households, communities and networks for goods and services are resilient, people realize positive livelihood outcomes (sufficient income, food security, safety, proper nutrition, good health etc.) and ecosystems are preserved and protected for current and future generations. In this strategy, the concept of “enhancing resilience” refers to concerted actions to help affected Somali society to cope with crises on the basis of community-based initiatives.
Somalia must rely exceptionally on the resilience of individuals, households and communities to protect lives and livelihoods, given the lack of a formal state, the absence of reliable public and private systems that provide support, expertise and protection, and limited integrated humanitarian, development and investment strategies to address the root causes of crises (see Box 1). The people of Somalia are remarkably resilient, especially given the multiple and protracted challenges that have marked Somalia over time but this varies by gender, age and livelihood group. This remarkable resiliency is grounded in determination, entrepreneurialism and mobility and is buoyed by communities of solidarity that span the local to the international, including clans, the private sector and a robust and generous Diaspora.
Local resiliency has its limits, especially given sustained and myriad threats often generated by factors well beyond the control of individuals or communities. One Minister neatly summarizes these threats as “war, weather and weak governance/economy”. As witnessed in the famine of 2011, some shocks overwhelm the resiliency of the poorest or marginalised, leading to destitution, displacement, hunger, illness, death and the breakdown of families and communities. These intolerable outcomes call for a paradigm shift in support of the resiliency of the poor or marginalised; current engagements and assistance modalities are important but simply inadequate. The delayed response to the warnings of crisis issued from 2010 starkly demonstrated the limits of the international humanitarian community as well as the extent of inadequate efforts to build resilience in the years prior to the famine.
Factors of Vulnerability in   Somalia Political instability and   violent conflict – governance failures,   institutional breakdown, lack of individual and communal safety. The   deterioration of infrastructure – negatively impacting the economy and   reducing productivity and production due to disruption of services and   limited access to supply centres and markets.    Poor quality, inadequate and unreliable delivery of services, including   agricultural extension and skills building, health, education and water   services. Lack of effective safety nets – results in the absence of   formal systems to prevent asset depletion, to mitigate crises and offset   livelihood losses, nutritional and health deterioration during lean seasons. Skilled   labour shortages – due to loss of talent abroad and a 20-year decline in   education and training. Massive displacement of people – driven by   conflict and natural disaster, increasing pressure on local natural   resources, intensified overuse and degradation, whilst aggravating tensions   with host communities and pressure over land, resources and services in urban   centres.  Environmental degradation   - poorly managed and unprotected soils, water, grasslands, forests and   fisheries leading to severe degradation of natural assets, processes   accelerated by reliance on charcoal for fuel and income. Recurrent shocks   and seasonal difficulties – some populations cannot meet basic household   needs as a result of repeated exposure to shocks, associated destitution and   reliance on negative and irreversible coping strategies.
This strategy calls for fundamental changes so that humanitarian, development and investment stakeholders become more relevant and meaningful facilitators of resilience with the people of Somalia. It is focussed on building capacities and contingencies, with households and communities, to enable them to withstand shocks and broadening abilities to adapt to changing conditions. This includes a greater emphasis on the reduction and management of risks (rather than singular reliance on crisis response) and enhanced investments in building productive, human, social, natural and financial resources within households and communities, recognising the different roles, capacities and needs of women and men, girls and boys. Specifically, this entails:
ü  Support for household and community levels to build resilient societies
ü  Decentralized service provision (public, private, or communal) and the promotion of accountability in the delivery of services, including in time of humanitarian emergencies
ü  Focused community participation, in needs assessment and service delivery
ü  Empower vulnerable groups, women, internally displaced persons, youth and labour-poor households
ü  Support for a more enabling environment, especially strengthened operational capabilities of public, private, and communal formal and informal institutions
ü  Tailored interventions to specific contexts, i.e. to the livelihoods system(s), hazard and risk profiles, institutional environment, gender constructs, etc.
The focus on resilience bridges humanitarian and development programming to better address overlapping risks and stresses. The aid architecture needs to allow more flexibility and better focus of development and humanitarian funding streams and objectives to promote resilience. Enhancing resilience requires large-scale and comprehensive approaches, partnerships across stakeholders and multi-sectoral collaboration. Lastly, programmes must include response capacities and risk management strategies in order to address long-term challenges and respond to rapid onset emergencies, and security and political changes. To this end:
  1. The resilience strategy must be aligned with the existing priorities spelled out in the national and regional strategies for Somalia. These are to date: the National Development Plan (NDP) of the self-declared independent state of Somaliland; the Development Plan (DP) of the semi-autonomous state of Puntland; the roadmap and other strategic documents of the Mogadishu-based Transitional Federal Government (TFG).
  2. The resilience strategy is multi-stakeholder. To support the building blocks of resilience, multiple actors across all sectors are needed. Coordination should be realized through platforms such as the Somalia technical groups; the UN Inter-agency Standing Committee’s (IASC) clusters; Sector-based structures; the United Nations Country Team (UNCT), etc.
  3. The resilience strategy is multi-year, supported by multi-year funding. Enhancing resilience requires sustained commitment. The proposed timeline for the strategy is 2012-2020 (8 years), with an initial three-year phase (2012-2015), as described herein.
  4. The resilience strategy must rely on stronger gender sensitive analysis of vulnerabilities and capacities and monitoring of resilience (availability, quality, scope and coordination of analysis). Greater coordination is needed for technical consensus and analysis of response options.
  5. The implementation of the resilience strategy should be tailored geographically, to livelihoods systems, to institutional context and implementation partners’ mandates and capacities.
  6. The resilience strategy will be implemented within the operational reality of Somalia, considering levels of safety and security for communities, restrictions on activities for community based workers/extension agents and risks for implementing agencies.

  1.       II.            A STRATEGY FOR RESILIENCE
Enhanced resilience can be achieved through multi-year initiatives designed to strengthen asset bases, improve access to public/private/communal resources and services, create economic opportunities through livelihood diversification and intensification, deepen skills, expand access to information to guide decisions in the face of hazardous events and ensure basic needs are met for destitute and seasonally at risk populations. Resilience building will also support the sustainable reintegration of internally displaced persons to their places of origin. Somalia has 1,36 million internally displaced persons as a result of decades of war and successive natural calamities – part of this population can regain and further enhance their previous livelihoods through voluntary return. The strategy’s building blocks for resiliency are:
  1. Strengthen productive sectors: for vulnerable working households, this includes deepening and improving access to physical asset bases, generating increased output with fewer inputs through enhanced technologies, improving access to decent employment, expanding access and improving function of market systems and market information;
  2. Basic services to protect human capital: for at risk individuals and households, this focuses on systems and services that enhance people’s resilience, including good health, adequate nutrition and education, safety and adequate skills. These outcomes are necessary to withstand shocks and adapt in times of crises. This includes gender sensitive basic services as well as support services, such as extension, to the productive sectors, as well as sharpening information and knowledge management for early warning and planning;
  3. Promote safety nets for a minimum of social protection: this entails moving beyond the discontinuous cycles of short-term assistance to approaches that build resilience by providing a predictable level of assistance to those suffering from long-term destitution as well as for households that are seasonally at risk on a recurrent basis. This enables households to be secure in the knowledge that their basic needs are achievable on a daily basis and that, in the event of a shock, their survival is assured.
These three building blocks of resiliency are integrated and complementary. The strategy focuses on key livelihood strategies in Somalia, including wage laborers, micro and small enterprise owners, farmers, pastoralists, agro-pastoralists and fishing communities. The strategy focuses on the livelihood strategies of those most at risk in Somalia, because it is through the efforts of women, men, children, youth and the elderly that resiliency will be established for current and future generations. All three blocks (1, 2 and 3) are important for enhancing and protecting the resources on which people draw on to anticipate, accommodate, adjust and recover from shocks. Basic public and private services (2) important for safeguarding these resources include water and sanitation systems, health and nutrition, education, and skills training, among others. A particular focus is on the availability, quality, reliability, demand and responsiveness of these services, including in times of humanitarian emergencies. A coherent system for ensuring access by the most vulnerable and returning IDPs to productive opportunities (1), to social services (2), and minimum consumption needs (3) forms the basis of safety nets and social protection, with resilient communities and households reducing the need for transfers over time. Those resource transfers (1, e.g., food, vouchers or cash) can meet seasonal needs and allow a predictable level of assistance in at risk communities (3).
For these outcomes to be realized, enabling factors require specific attention. Those are: a) information and knowledge management (sex and age disaggregated, where possible) for better early warning, planning response and monitoring of household vulnerability and resilience; and, b) the development of a coherent policy and regulatory framework in each sector for effective local service delivery. Finally, strengthening local governance and institutional development, as well as conflict prevention, plays a key supporting role in community level resilience. This will include support at community level to household, community, CSOs, and private sector interventions for resilience, building capacity of formal and informal systems at local level early-on in conflict/disaster risk-ridden Somalia, including systems for community based early warning and preparedness.
In this strategy, the concept of “enhancing resilience” refers to concerted actions to help communities to sustainably cope with crises on the basis of principally community-based initiatives to improve food security, livelihoods and access to key services. Initiatives to enhance resiliency are understood to meet the following minimum criteria:
ü  Products or services to be prioritized and targeted through community dialogue
ü  Gender disaggregated information/analysis required to ensure that capacities and vulnerabilities are identified and correctly addressed as part of a safety net for social protection
ü  Provides predictability so populations can take prudent risks
ü  Directly reduces risk at the household and communal levels
This strategy is presented to the community of stakeholders concerned with the well-being of the Somali population with the objective that coalitions of facilitators of resilience can be formed based on the core elements. Some agencies are refocusing modalities of mutual engagement towards common analysis, monitoring and accountability, recognizing that all three building blocks must be present for household and community resilience. Based on the above minimum criteria, some agencies will identify and delimit activities within their portfolios that will be aligned within specific geographic areas to ensure all building blocks are in place. Given resilient households, communities and networks, positive livelihood outcomes are realised (sufficient income, food security, safety, proper nutrition, good health etc.) and ecosystems are preserved and protected. Engaged agencies have agreed to:
ü  Promote alignment, sequencing, coordinating and targeting multi-sectoral activities within specific geographic areas.
ü  Develop a common monitoring framework to jointly measure resilience outcomes in selected geographical areas.
ü  Improve the quality, scope and coordination of resilience and vulnerability assessment and monitoring on which interventions are based.
  1. 1.     Strengthen Productive Sectors
Support to diversification and intensification of livelihood strategies enhances resilience through increased household incomes, improved productivity of assets, reserves at the household and communal level, and sustainable use and risk management of natural resources (land, water, forest, energy). This includes stronger rural-urban linkages to improve access to markets and supply centers and greater economic linkages between rural and urban livelihoods. The support also ensures sustainable reintegration of returning displaced population and enhance their long-term livelihoods.
Diversification: Supporting households by expanding the range of livelihood strategies minimizes covariant risk and increases options for managing shocks. Reflecting the common livelihood strategies of at risk households, the strategy emphasizes diversification of farm and livestock products, fish products and processing, and value-addition (including in urban settings) with a particular emphasis on nutrition, improved quality and product transformation.
Urban and rural food/cash-based public works programmes raise income, nutrition and consumption levels, create additional livelihood opportunities, protect or enhance productive assets and facilitate the reintegration of returnees. Such programmes can be targeted during the lean season when it is most timely to repair infrastructure to promote production and when people need to find work to sustain themselves and their families. Self-targeting of the most vulnerable, recognizing gender-based constraints, can be achieved through carefully scaling incentives/wages, which may include cash, vouchers or food, depending on factors of supply and demand.

Access to productive assetsIncreased productivity for pastoral, agro-pastoral, farming, riverine, coastal fishing households and communities and returnees can be facilitated by greater access agro-inputs (e.g. machinery and tools), animal nutrition (e.g. improved feed production, fortified blocks) improved access to water for livestock and fishing equipment and on and off-farm productive infrastructure (e.g., water catchments, roads, woodlands, irrigation infrastructure, food/seed storage, soil and water conservation). Assets can also be liabilities in conflict settings as targets of attack (e.g., cattle, land, markets), so a focus on asset protection through conflict analysis will inform initiatives for productive assets. In pastoral and, to a lesser extent, agro-pastoral areas, productive assets at the homestead level are critical to ensure the most vulnerable, often women and children, can sustain themselves when they are left behind while others seasonally migrate with livestock. The adoption of new technologies, including measures to produce more using fewer inputs and genetic resources/biodiversity, deepens resiliency through increased production for own consumption (including reserves at the household level) and marketing. These measures will focus on improving nutritional quality and diversity as a result of own production, including through urban agriculture.
The multiple objectives of asset creation schemes (through food/cash for work) can promote crisis recovery, mitigate the potential impacts of future shocks, or prepare returnees for recovery of their productive assets. Based on consultative processes to identify key risks and priorities, asset creation initiatives can increasingly allow households to enhance resiliency, including protecting against season fluctuations in income and food security.
Access to markets, market information and early warning: Building on the resiliency of the private sector, the strategy calls for improved access routes (including tertiary and feeder roads), market infrastructure and more reliable and available producer and consumer market information. Early warning analysis, currently produced largely for international actors, will be enhanced with a greater focus on the needs of producers and value chain actors in Somalia.
Promote LivelihoodOpportunities,Intensification,   &DiversificationAgricultural, livestock and fisheries product   diversification
Value-addition to agricultural, livestock, fish   products (agro-processing; product certification; quality enhancement)
Labour-intensive programmes   (productive infrastructure; agricultural services etc.)
Job/micro-enterprise creation related to natural   resource management, and non-forest and agricultural products
Improve   access to and use ofproductive assetsAccess to inputs/assets (e.g. improved seeds; feed   production; fish vessels; asset creation schemes)
Access to productive infrastructure (e.g. irrigation   infrastructure, storage)
Community management, including women and men, of   water supplies, supported by skilled technicians, parts supply chain and   private sector management.
Protected land and natural resource access and   integrated management of natural resources (e.g. soil and water conservation,   water point rehabilitation and development, rainwater harvesting)
Enhanced genetic resources and biodiversity and   “Save and Grow” technologies
Improve access to markets & early warningAccess to market infrastructure (e.g., roads) and   facilities (e.g., slaughterhouses, market place rehabilitation)
Access to market information
Early warning and analysis tailored for producers   and private sector

  1. 2.     Basic services to protect human capital
The status of social services in Somalia reflects some of the lowest human development indicators globally. Services for the productive sector are inadequate to promote technology and knowledge for resilient production. All services have declined in recent decades; their provision is largely maintained through local NGOs (often international agency supported), diminished cadres of once existent national service practitioners and, for the productive sectors, associations of private sector providers. Some progress has been made in Somaliland and Puntland but in large parts of the country, access to key services remains irregular and unreliable, of low quality, too distant from service seekers and overall insufficient.
Aspects of enhancing resilience through increasing the quality, reliability and responsiveness of key services include: reducing overall vulnerability levels on the basis of knowledge, behavior change, demand and access for services that strengthen coping mechanisms in the areas of health, nutrition, hygiene, water, sanitation, education, and agriculture extension. Equally important is strengthening themanagement and maintenance of service delivery through adaptive approaches that consider existing capacities, opportunities and risks.
Community needs assessment, monitoring, and knowledge systems. Specific contexts, capacities, risks and opportunities in service provision and community responses to shock are inadequately understood. Re-orientating initiatives to achieve resilience outcomes will require better understanding of how women and men, girls and boys, access services and what are the barriers. In-depth analysis of vulnerabilities and capacities using livelihoods and other distinctive characteristics, including gender, is a starting point to identify why some are less resilient than others. Analysis should look at specific livelihood groups, their opportunities for accessing services (including through private sector), how this access is interrupted by shocks and the reasons why some households do not use existing services. Such analysis is important for designing innovative and effective service delivery as well as determining indicators, monitoring and early warning systems, including monitoring the quality of basic services and major barriers to access services.
Community-based systems for care, knowledge transfer and service provision.This requires more investment in community based water, health, and nutrition management, and school based management, including mobile services to increase access. Measures to strengthen accountability and transparency of resources used and services provided are needed. Investments made at the community level are seen to ensure efficiency and effectiveness of a minimal set of basic service functions, such as immunization, education, management of malnutrition and access to water sources, but also protection. The establishment of a community health worker system and replication of community education committees is central to success in this area. Safe and secure learning environments promote the protection and the psychosocial wellbeing of learners, teachers and other education personnel.
Conditional transfers (with cash, vouchers or in-kind assistance) can be used as incentives to influence households to seek services while offsetting the opportunity costs of utilizing such services. Service access can be negatively impacted by travel times to service provision points and competing priorities for household labour. Such incentives can be provided to ensure greater levels of enrollment and attendance at primary school with a particular focus on girls, increase health seeking behaviors (e.g., women attending ante-natal care and delivering in safe facilitates, immunization, health and nutrition education, treatment of malnutrition) and increase veterinary services, among others. The transfer can also serve as a safety net to meet seasonal needs, allow a predictable level of assistance in at risk communities and provide immediate support for returnees at their places of origin towards longer-term sustainable reintegration.
Community-based management and public-private partnership in service delivery is important to provide better access to essential services for all livelihood groups. Ensuring the sustainability and reliability of these services is essential to protect households during a crisis. Where possible services should be based on existing capacities in both public and private sector and be designed with in-built contingency measures to ensure uninterrupted access for vulnerable communities. In times of crisis the support for vulnerable communities should shift from response, which relies on “responders of last resort” (i.e., the international community) to strengthening “responders of first resort” (community coping mechanisms, including social networks). The focus should shift to those available in-country resources that can be accessed and organized in the early stage of an evolving threat in order to mitigate or avert a crisis altogether. Basing service provision in the community and making it relatively self-sufficient improves the prospects for services to continue even during crisis periods a factor that should reduce the demand for (more expensive, often late) international humanitarian action or allow a platform on which such assistance, when needed, can be provided.
The limited availability of human and financial resources requires coherent and synergetic approaches to service delivery wherever this is possible. Combining service provider functions and facilities across sectors (e.g., water for human consumption, sanitation, livestock and agriculture) in order to achieve economies of scale may be important to achieve “quick wins” – which are important measures for building trust, confidence and stability. Building these into customised local and adaptive approaches to basic (social) service delivery across different livelihood groups will achieve widespread community resilience.
Ensuring an adequate knowledge and skill base. Knowledge about key factors contributing to wellbeing and development changes behavior and decreases the need for treatment and curative action. This is particularly important in the absence of services. Where services are available, knowledge increases demand for services and thus promotes better care seeking behaviors. Ensuring households and especially caregivers of children are aware of how to best protect against disease, malnutrition and other potentially negative outcomes, is essential to match any basic service delivery on the supply side with a receptive demand side.
Deepening skills also extends to the human capital of productive livelihood systems to strengthen the effectiveness of coping strategies and enhance options for adapting to crises. This includes a) agriculture and fisheries extension and animal and human health services focused on building capacity for best practices including integrated natural resource management (land, water, energy); and, b) surveillance and monitoring services (e.g. livestock and human disease surveillance; fish sanitary control) and c) support to community based health workers.
Community assessment, monitoring, information and   knowledge systemsBaseline analysis using a vulnerability, capacity   assessment framework
Community health and nutrition surveillance systems;   Regular collection of school level education data to central Education   Management System (EMIS)
Use of ICT to generate and share information on   functioning of water and health systems
Early warning systems tailored to community early   action and local response mechanisms
Household & community care practices, demand   & access to servicesCommunity health workers (CHWs) providing   preventative (education/life-skills education to prevent disease and   malnutrition) as well as curative (Integrated Community Case Management and   treatment of malnutrition) services
Psycho-social care at personal, household and   community level
Promotion of safe, drinking water at household level
Incentives to increase and to retain girls enrolment   in schools
Incentives to increase both attendance and   enrollment of primary school aged children (girls and boys), e.g. school   feeding.
Incentives to increase the utilization of and access   to health care facilities/services
Community committees and teachers enabled to provide   effective management of services.
Ensuring adequate knowledge and skill baseImproving access to quality basic services by   strengthening private sector supply systems (pharmacies, traders in spare   parts and hygiene items, seeds and tools)
Strengthening PPPs for more efficient service   delivery
Skilled community water supply technicians
Integrated animal, agricultural and human health   extension services
Skilled CHWs enabled to promote proper practices and   behavioral changes (infant young child feeding, hygiene and sanitation,   FGM/C, etc)
Establishment of Child to Child Clubs at school   levels for promotion of health/hygiene messages and behaviors.

3.  Safety nets for a minimum of social protection
Safety nets and social protection play an important role in contributing to the first two building blocks. Safety nets provide a platform on which to build future resiliency by contributing to more diverse livelihood bases and helping to ensure more educated and healthier populations. Safety nets protect human capital during crises and prevent negative coping mechanisms. They can allow poor households to continue to prioritize children’s education in difficult times and avoid the irreversible effects of malnutrition in crisis years or seasons. They also facilitate the first stage of reintegration of returnees and pave the way to sustainable livelihood recovery. An effective system of safety nets and social protection can increase investments in proactive preventative approaches rather than exclusive reliance on responses following crises. By providing a more predictable level of assistance, households have the chance to take greater risks by more actively pursuing higher-income livelihood opportunities and increasing access to and utilization of basic services. The key is transparent, predictable and timely transfers through multi-year investments.
The aims of this third building block include measures to guarantee access to social support for the most highly vulnerable populations. Such support a) ensures that the most vulnerable long-term destitute immediate needs are met, b) enables households repeatedly exposed to seasonal shocks to take on prudent risk to increase the effectiveness of their livelihood strategies, c) ensures a minimum basket of food and income, and d) improves nutritional resilience.
Safety net for chronically at risk populations: Throughout different geographic regions and livelihoods in Somalia, there is a segment of any community that is chronically at risk or is in a situation of long-term destitution. Such groups rely significantly on a combination of social support and external assistance, but in an ad hoc manner, and can suffer further when external factors limit the provision of such support. As there is no state welfare system, or an equivalent, a specific reliable and sustained transfer of cash or food is required to sustain such populations and reduce the burden they may have on the extended family, clan and/or community with the aim of eventually graduating them to other forms of assistance.
Safety net for seasonally at risk populations: Most livelihood zones have a regular portion of the population that is unable to cope during lean seasons and as such resort to negative coping strategies that reduce the households’ productivity over time and negatively impact human health and nutrition. As such, seasonal transfers of cash, food or specialized nutrition products for such seasonally at risk populations is a critical safety net designed to allow those households to take on prudent risks that can help strengthen their overall productivity and prevent destitution.
Safety net linkages: It is envisioned that over time, populations requiring the reliable, sustained and predictable support under this pillar need to be graduated to other systems of support in the mid to long-term. For example, those requiring sustained transfers (long-term destitute) may graduate to one of the other building blocks (strengthened productive sectors and basic services to protect human capital) accessing seasonal publics works programs, and conditional transfers to ensure access to social services. Similarly, initial safety net support for returnees ensures the linkage with long-term livelihood enhancement and sustainable reintegration. Ultimately, resilient communities and households would occur over time with the unconditional transfers reducing accordingly.
Reliable support to the chronically and   seasonally at riskSustained transfers of cash or food for   long-term destitute
Predictable, seasonal transfers of cash or   food for seasonal at risk populations
The focus on resilience provides opportunities to overcome the divide between humanitarian and development programming in order to better address overlapping risks and stresses. To realize these opportunities, the current aid architecture needs to evolve to allow more flexibility of funding and better focus of the various investment development and humanitarian funding streams and objectives to promote resilience, including greater focus on the role of the private sector. It also requires large-scale, multi-year and comprehensive approaches, with particular emphasis on partnerships across stakeholders and cross-sectoral collaboration. Istanbul II affords an unparalleled opportunity to galvanize coalitions of facilitators of resilience in solidarity with the people of Somalia.






Partnership Forum on Energy




Preparing Somalia’s Future: Goals for 2015
Second Istanbul Conference, Turkey
Partnership Forum on 31st May 2012
10.30 am to 03.00 pm
Conference Paper on Energy






CONFERENCE PAPER FOR THE PARTNERSHIP FORUM ON ENERGY
31st May 2012, 10.30 to 15.00
Objective:
The Partnership Forum on Energy will deliberate and agree on Programmatic Priorities and a tripartite Partnerships Framework to comprehensively address the energy needs in Somalia. The tripartite partnership needs to be among: i) Governments in Somalia; ii) Non-government partners (Private Sector, Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) and Academia); and, iii) Development Partners (UN, World Bank, AfDB, EU and Bi-laterals) to overcome the barriers to access to energy and diversifying the energy mix.
Outcomes and Deliverables:
  • Participants agree on a set of recommendations to improve access to energy with the objectives of maintaining peace, bringing social equity, creating employment, ensuring affordability, triggering economic growth and building resilience.

  • Participants agree to look in the options to diversify the energy mix with the gradual reduction on reliance on the charcoal and firewood. This will include setting the targets for the introduction of alternative and renewable sources of energy.

  • Participants agree to develop gender balanced human resources capacities relevant to energy sector with structured vocational training programmes and university studies to build a workforce that can be absorbed in the sector to ensure sustainability and sustained growth.

  • A framework of partnerships for the
    energy sector among: a) Governments in Somalia; b) non-government partners (private sector, CSOs, academia); and, c) development partners (UN, WB, AfDB, EU and bi-laterals) for undertaking priority interventions with clearly defined roles.
TimeSession
10.30-10.45Opening by the Chair and the co-chair
10.45-11.15Setting the stage: Assessment of the Energy   situation in Somalia
11.15-12.30How can the energy challenge in Somalia be   resolved?ü  How have others done it?ü  How can Somalia do it?
12.30-13.30Lunch Break
13.30-14.30 

What are the Practical solutions and recommendations   by all partnersü  Governmentü  Non-Government/ private sector
ü  Development Partners
14.30-15.00Plenary: Discussion/endorsement ofü  Recommendationsü  Way Forward
15.00Adjourn
  1. 1.     Background and context

Somalia’s energy sector has suffered from over two decades of neglect and lack of planned investments. The resultant huge deficit in universal access to affordable modern sources of energy inhibits the achievement of social indicators and limits sustainable economic growth. The systemic weaknesses of the energy sector are reflected in the exorbitantly high tariff of US$ 1.0 per kilowatt hour. This creates gross inequalities with only a small segment of Somali population able to afford grid connectivity. The impact of the conflict is also evident from the fact that the energy mix in Somalia is sharply skewed towards locally accessible charcoal and firewood as the main sources of energy. It is estimated that 87% of the energy needs are met by using charcoal and firewood. Petroleum products account for about 11% of the total energy use, while electric power generation using diesel thermal account for about 2% of the total energy needs. Though there is a huge potential in Somalia of tapping renewable and alternative sources of energy, the expansion in the energy mix could not take place due to internal conflict and absence of enabling environment to invest in the energy sector.

The overall objective of this paper is to provide a brief background to the participants of the energy Partnership Forum on situation of Energy Sector in Somalia and identify the areas of partnerships with programmatic priorities that can bring improvement to the sector.
  1. 2.     Proposed Strategy for the Energy Sector

The accumulating deficit in Somalia in the expansion of affordable modern energy sources and rudimentary state of the existing energy distribution systems calls for a strategy for partnerships that is based on the following two principles for engagement:
a)      Improve access to energy with the objectives of maintaining peace, bringing social equity amongst vulnerable groups, particularly, among women, IDPs and children, creating employment, ensuring affordability, triggering economic growth and building resilience.
b)     Diversify the energy mix with the gradual reduction on reliance on the charcoal and firewood by introducing alternative sources of energy, including, wind, solar, LPG, biogas, hydro and high efficiency thermal generation and distribution systems.
In order for these principles to hold relevant as the basis for partnerships, the succeeding discussion in this background paper covers in brief the situational analysis in five strategic programmatic clusters with recommendations to improve access to energy and diversify the energy mix. These five clusters are:
i)                    Institutional and Policy: The public sector institutions lack capacities to formulate energy policies, develop energy investment plans and identify the potential for regulated investments in the energy sector. This has led to haphazard investments in the energy sector, with access to modern energy sources limited to a small segment of urban population. There is a need to have integrated set of interventions that address the institutional and policy barriers. Standalone policy documents will have little impact, unless these are backed up by phased implementation plans that fill the capacity gaps, set regulatory regimes and promote broader public private partnerships for improving access and diversifying the energy mix.

ii)                  Energy Infrastructure Rehabilitation and Expansion: Energy infrastructure is one the main victims of conflict in Somalia. The exposed and saleable nature of the energy infrastructure made it vulnerable to looting to meet different needs of the individuals and groups living through the years of conflict. As part of the stabilisation process, major development financing is needed to overcome deferred repairs and maintenance of the existing systems and provisions for extension to new areas as an incentive for peace building.

iii)                Priortisation and Integration:  The recurring conflict situations and humanitarian catastrophes in Somalia are keeping the decision makers fully engaged to deal with short-term priorities. The link of reliable energy source as a basic need with conflict management or improving the security situation for the communities impacted by the conflict is overlooked. It is important to understand these linkages and consider access to energy as an essential component of community safety interventions. Somalia cannot afford to consider access to energy “in a vacuum”. The priorities being considered to bring stability in Somalia must integrate access to energy across variety of areas, including, government operations, local enterprise development, security maintenance, agriculture, livestock, fisheries, economic recovery, provision of basic needs (water, health, education and shelter), gender empowerment and children safety programmes.

iv)                Technology and Human Resources:  The energy generation and distribution systems in Somalia are rudimentary. The system operations are entirely dependent on run down equipment that does not comply with basic efficiency standards. The available human resources to manage the system have not gone through the structured training programmes. Majority of the workforce in the energy sector has acquired skills on-the-job and does not have in-depth knowledge for the proper operations of the systems. In order to overcome these gaps, it is important to introduce efficient and new technologies during the expansion of energy systems. This should be coupled with structured gender balanced vocational training programmes and university studies in relevant fields to train a workforce that can be absorbed in the energy sector.

v)                  Investment Planning and Financing:  Financing of energy projects, in the absence of a comprehensive investment plan, becomes a major stumbling block for improving access or setting targets of diversifying the energy mix. As an immediate measure it is important to come up with the “Regional Energy Sector Investment Plans”. The Investment Plans should be linked to innovative financing mechanisms to meet the medium to long term energy needs. The options can be in the form of start-up grants, investment incentives schemes etc. leading to matching funds (without the requirements for collateral guarantees). The “Investment Guarantee Fund” proposed for Somalia should set aside atleast 15% of the total fund capital for implementing the recommendations of the Energy Sector Investment Plans.
  1. 3.     General programmatic priorities for the Energy Sector

The Second Istanbul Conference on Somalia needs to agree on Programmatic Priorities and a tripartite Partnerships Framework to comprehensively address the energy needs in Somalia. The tripartite partnership needs to be among: i) Governments in Somalia; ii) Non-government partners (Private Sector, Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) and Academia); and, iii) Development Partners (UN, World Bank, AfDB, EU and Bi-laterals) to overcome the barriers to access to energy and diversifying the energy mix. The draft framework to be deliberated and adopted by the partnership forum at the Second Istanbul Conference on Somalia is as follows:
Somalia – Energy Sector Programmatic Priorities and Partnerships Framework (Draft)
Priority    Interventions for:      Partnership    Roles
Diversifying    Energy Mix
Programmatic    Cluster
Access    to Energy
Institutional   and Policya)      Comprehensive assessment of energy needs for all population groupsb)     Capacity building of institutions directly linked to energy sectorc)      Develop Regional Energy Policies and Energy Investment Plans

Estimated   Financing Needs: USD 6.5 mill
Timeframe:   2012-15
a)      Policies and investment plans to include time bound targets for   alternative and renewable energy sourcesb)     Targeted capacity building programme in the areas of Renewables/   Alternative Energy 
Estimated   Financing Needs: USD 2.5 mill
Timeframe:   2012-16
a)      Government to lead and own the policies, investment plans and capacity   development programmes.b)     Private sector to participate and commit to the policies and investment   plansc)      Development partners to facilitate and    provide technical and financial support; build capacities in the   energy sector
Energy   Infrastructure Rehabilitation and Expansiona)        Prepare an inventory of assets,   repair needs with costing.b)       Repair and Rehabilitate the   existing infrastructure with joint ventures of national and international   contractors. Such ventures to build capacities of local private sector.c)        Extend properly designed Energy Infrastructure   to areas gaining peace

Estimated Financing Needs:   USD 150.0  mill
Timeframe: 2012-16
a)        Increase generation capacities by   adding small and medium sized on-grid/off-grid renewable energy based   systems.b)       Increase energy efficiencies of the   existing generation and distribution network. 
Estimated Financing Needs:   USD 30.0 mill
Timeframe: 2012-15
a)        Government to prioritise and   develop phased programme for the rehabilitation of existing systems.b)       Private sector to rehabilitate and   cooperate for the rehabilitation of the energy systems under their   operations; link the projects with Energy Service Companies (ESCOs) concepts;   Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP) and Sustainable   Energy for All (SE4A) Initiative of UNSG.c)        Development partners to link up   with global programmes on RE and EE; provide technical and financial support   for rehabilitation and expansion of infrastructure; ensure equity in   investments across geographical areas and population groups.
Prioritisation   and Integrationa)      Investments in social and productive sectors to include access to modern   sources of energy. Estimated   Financing Needs: USD 40.0 mill
Timeframe:   2012-15
a)      Tested renewable and energy efficient technologies to be promoted as part   of social and productive sector investments at the local levels. Estimated   Financing Needs: USD 20.0 mill
Timeframe:   2012-15
a)      Governments to integrate alternative energy and energy efficiency in   conflict management strategies and stabilisation plans.b)     Civil Society and Private sector to integrate alternative energy and   energy efficiency across their programmesc)      Development partners to integrate energy access and diversification as a   priority in country programme documents/strategies.
Technology   and Human Resourcesa)        Market facilitation for the   promotion of alternative energy sources.b)       Introduce energy efficient cook   stoves in urban and rural areas.c)        Gender balanced vocational and   University level trainings in the areas of renewable energy, energy   efficiency, electrical systems management,    electrical engineering and allied fields

Estimated Financing Needs:   USD 25 mill
Timeframe: 2012-15
a)        Setting up of LPG filling and   distribution network on major ports and in-countryb)       Gender balanced vocational and   University level trainings in renewable/alternative energy technologies 
Estimated Financing Needs:   USD 25 mill
Timeframe: 2012-15
a)        Government to announce incentives   for investments in energy sector; Government to establish or revitalize   vocational institutions, universities and research organisations in Science   and Technologyb)       Private universities to introduce   renewable energy, electrical engineering and allied fields degree programmes.c)        Development partners to facilitate   in linking up with the international companies for the promotion of tested   renewable energy technologies, introduction of training modules and   employment creation in the energy sector.
Investment   Planning and Financinga)      Allocate funds in line with the costing for the energy sector projects.b)     Establish “One Window Operation” to be managed by the government and UN   for facilitating private sector investments in the energy sector.c)      Use micro-finance to set up small businesses on energy appliances for the   potential men and women entrepreneurs.

Estimated   Financing Needs: USD 1.0  mill  in Technical Assistance
Timeframe:   2012-13
a)      Establish Somalia Energy Fund to cover risks on investment and extend   start-up grants for alternative energy.b)     Allocate at least 15% of the capital under Investment Guarantee Fund to   promote new and renewable energy sources. 
Estimated   Financing Needs: USD 0.5 million in Technical Assistance
Timeframe:   2012-13
a)      Government to agree on setting up of “One Window Operation” for private   sector investments; Government to set-up Somalia Energy Fund with a balanced   governing structure.b)     Development partners to allocate funds for investments in energy sector   and towards the fund; development partners to help the government in setting   up of the “One Window Operations” and Somalia Energy Fund in line with the   global best practices.






                       
II. ISTANBUL CONFERENCE ON SOMALIA
(31 May-1 June 2012, ISTANBUL)

ADMINISTRATIVE ARRANGEMENTS

  • II. Istanbul Conference on Somalia will be held in Istanbul on 31 May-1 June 2012.
  • Conference Venue: Istanbul Congress Center.
  • Participating Delegations are expected to cover their international travel expenses and accommodation costs in Istanbul.
  • Turkey will cover the accommodation expenses of the Delegations from  LDC/Sub Saharan African countries on the following basis:

If the Head of Delegation is Head of State/Prime Minister/Vice Prime Minister/Minister:

Accomodation: Head of Delegation   + 3 members of the Delegation.
Travel expenses: Business class for the Head of Delegation and economy class for 3 members of the Delegation.
            If the Head of Delegation is  under the level of Minister:
Accomodation: Head of Delegation   + 1 member of the Delegation.
Travel expenses: Business class for the Head of Delegation and economy class for 1 member of the Delegation.
  • Hotels: Block reservations have been made at the Conrad Hotel and Hilton Hotel.
  • Transportation: Turkey will provide  transportation for the Delegations from  LDC/Sub-Saharan African countries ( 1 car and 1 van) and arrange their airport transfers.

  • Contact Point:

    -Hüseyin Özbaş, Attaché at the Department for East Africa, tel: + 90 312 248 72 30
           e-mail: huseyin.ozbas@mfa.gov.tr   fax: + 90 312 292 27 66
-Enes Arısoy, Administrative Attaché in the Department for East Africa, tel : +90 312 248 72 24, e-mail:enes.arisoy@mfa.gov.trfax :  +90 312  292 27 66
  • Arrivals and Departures: Participating countries should provide the information concerning the arrivals and departures of the delegations in due time to the contact point   indicating whether it is a special flight or commercial flight.  For the special flights, the necessary flight permissions have to be obtained from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey. Accredited Turkish missions will provide the necessary assistance.

  • Interpretation: The languages of the Summit will be English, French, Arabic and Turkish. Simultaneous translation in English, French, Arabic and Turkish will be provided by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey.
  • For the Heads of Delegation a cultural and touristic trip to Izmir-Çesme-Ephesus will be organized by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey on 2-3 June 2012.  The program of the trip is attached. The expenses  will be fully covered by the Ministry.

            Confirmation of the Participation:
  • In order to finalize the preparations of the Conference, the official participation responses of the Heads of State or Government/Ministers/Heads of International Organizations   including information regarding the composition of their Delegations are requested not later than 25 May 2012.
Recommended Hotels in Istanbul:
Block reservations have been made at the hotels mentioned below. Delegations are requested to make their own hotel reservations by contacting the hotels directly mentioning the II. Istanbul Conference on Somalia.
Conrad Otel:
Cihannüma Cad. Saray Mah. No:5 34353 Beşiktaş – İstanbul / Türkiye
Mrs. Ferah Yağan
Phone: +90 212 310 25 25
Mobile : +90 533 484 49 29
Fax: +90 212 227 34 06
E-mail: ferah.yagan@conradhotels.com
Hilton Otel:
Cumhuriyet Cad. 34367
Harbiye – İstanbul / Türkiye
Mr. Serkan Yalçınkaya
Phone: +90 0212 310 25 25
Mobile : +90 530 403 24 68
Fax: +90 212 227 34 06
E-mail: serkan.yalcinkaya@conradhotels.com










































II. ISTANBUL CONFERENCE ON SOMALIA
(31 May-1 June 2012-Istanbul)


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II. ISTANBUL CONFERENCE ON SOMALIA
(31 May-1 June 2012-Istanbul)

DELEGATION FORM
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Partnership Forum on Roads




Preparing Somalia’s Future: Goals for 2015
Second Istanbul Conference, Turkey
Partnership Forum on 31 May2012
10.30 am to 3.00 pm
Conference Paper on Roads
CONFERENCE PAPER FOR THE PARTNERSHIP FORUM ON ROADS
31st May 2012, 10.30 am to 15.00

Objective:

The Partnership Forum on Roads has been assembled to deliberate and commit to a sustainable road sector strategy for Somalia. A consolidated and strengthened road sector aligns with broader ambitions of employment-led economic growth, accelerated trade, reinforced livelihoods, strengthened resilience and political stability.

Outcome and Deliverables:

  • All participants, on behalf of their constituencies, commit to a time-bound strategy for road sector development – “Goals for 2015”. The plan is to consider:
-          Strengthening/establishing autonomous road agencies with defined roles and responsibilities.
-          Strengthening/establishing road sector policy, legislation, regulation, maintenance and financial management procedures.
-          Formalising/executing a Transport Master Plan(s) to articulate the sector’s long-term goals and outline a network plan for investment prioritisation.
-          Improving/institutionalising the conduct of road inventories.
-          Instilling/reinforcing road design standards, specifications and quality assurance mechanisms.
-          Applying/supporting employment intensive and local resource based approaches to road construction and maintenance.
-          Creating/enhancing the conditions for private investment and public-private partnership.
-          Engaging private sector investment for the public interest.
-          Building local private sector capacity to undertake civil works contracts.

Agenda:

Time
Session
10.30-11.00Introductory Speeches: The status of   the road sector in Somalia
11.00-11.45
Presentation of the road sector conference   paper
Plenary Discussion11.45-12.30
Plenary: Discussion/endorsement of priorities:
ü    Rational Allocation of   Investment Resources
ü    Balanced Investment12.30-13.30
Lunch   Break


13.30-14.30Plenary: Discussion/endorsement of   priorities:
ü    Private Sector   Opportunities
ü    Assessing & Managing   Project Risks
ü    Improving Road Sector   Governance14.30 – 15.00Plenary:   Discussion/endorsement of:
ü  Recommendations
ü  The way forward15.00Adjourn


  1. 1.     Background and Context

Approximately 80% of Somalia’s 2200km road network is in state of serious fragility or near collapse. Fundamental to any internal movement, the inadequacy of this transport system restricts access to basic services (and humanitarian operations), stifles domestic, regional and international enterprise and imposes a ceiling on employment and economic growth. The failing condition of  over 90% of the 19200 km secondary and tertiary road network further isolates towns, villages and market centres and encumbers the movement of people and goods for trade and commerce.

Indispensible to social and economic progress, roads provide one of the few sectors which can impel employment-led economic growth, accelerate trade, elevate livelihoods, support resilience, unite regions and encourage stability – “trade for peace and prosperity”. Investment in Somalia’s road network is therefore a clear and immediate priority for enabling equitable development, building reconciliation and granting Somalis the ability to support themselves.

  1. 2.     Proposed Strategy for Roads  

The strategy presented here incorporates contributions from UN agencies, international donors, the World Bank, Somali authorities, private sector contractors and community based organisations. The core elements of the strategy are as follows:

a)     Rational Allocation of Investment Resources: Projects will be rationalised and prioritised according to their contribution to connectivity and accessibility, their social and economic returns on investment and coordination with wider spatial and regional planning.

b)    Balanced Investment: Resources will be prioritised to links in the regional road network which ensure balanced development.

c)     Private Sector Opportunities: Private sector cooperation needs to work in the public interest. Existing barriers to entry for private operators need to be identified and potential solutions examined. The capacity of local contractors to undertake civil works should be improved.

d)    Assessing & Managing Project Risks: The basic conditions for investment need securing. Mitigating the security risk, strengthening the regulatory environment and heightening the transparency of construction and financial management procedures will create a more conducive setting for investment.

e)     Improve Road-Sector Governance: Institutional approaches to road sector policy, planning, financing, administration and management need consolidating/strengthening.


  1. 3.     General Programmatic Priorities for Roads

a)     Rational Allocation of Investment Resources

Road construction and rehabilitation needs to be rationalised and prioritised according to;

i.            Connectivity and Accessibility;

  • A multi level road hierarchy for network planning and management is required. Strengthened interconnectivity between provincial, district, urban and rural productive centres needs to form the basis of future road planning.
  • Road authorities need to undertake/advance road and bridge inventories (appraising surface conditions, road widths, culverts etc.) to determine traffic demand (routes) and pre-plan construction, rehabilitation and maintenance against cost estimates.
  • Transport routes need to capitalise on Somalia’s location as an essential transit corridor for landlocked countries to international markets.
  • Road planning needs to facilitate greater inter-regional support, connectivity and integration.

ii.            The Social and Economic Return on Investment;


  • Roads should be built according to an explicit social and economic purpose/objective.
  • Roads need to connect national and international markets to zones of production and consumption.
  • Preference should be given to routes which facilitate marketing of commodities by ensuring reliable, inexpensive delivery if inputs and timely marketing of production.
  • The price of transport (vehicle operating and maintenance costs) is excessive relative to income (and export values) and needs suppressing through superior road design standards.
  • Roads need to create immediate jobs and enable longer term employment in other sectors. The relative merits of labour-based construction vs. machinery depend on road type/ design/purpose and the availability of labour/equipment/raw materials.
  • Road systems need to assist people reach employment, utilise basic services, participate in schooling, seek out skills development and obtain the necessary items to support their lives without excessive time, financial and physical burden.
  • As the main transporters in rural life, women and girls are constrained and isolated by Somalia’s decaying road infrastructure. Investments need to curb female exposure to the physical hardship, security risks and financial expense of road use.
  • Wherever feasible, road works should be labour intensive, engage local communities and endorse the equal participation of women, disadvantaged tribal groupings and other marginalised communities.
  • Roads need to sponsor the ability to repatriate the internally displaced through immediate employment creation (road building and creating rural access) and improving their resilience (emergency relief, direct employment and longer-term trade). Where repatriation is unworkable, access roads should integrate IDP settlements into mainstream society and offer access to social services. Further gender disaggregated research is needed on access to safe roads from IDP camps.
  • Climate change warrants greater utility of roads and ancillary civil works for water and soil conservation. Through productive drainage, roads can sponsor environmental recovery, food security, additional income earning opportunities and resilience to sudden onset emergencies.
  • Improved roads can increase the ability to police routes used for illegal migration, the trade of illicit goods (e.g. khat and firearms) and roadside banditry.
  • New road construction can manipulate land values, incite land contestations, demand compulsory acquisition, displace adjacent communities, aggravate tribal fractions, incentivize encourage corruption and provoke conflict. Roads capable of peace building and reconciliation need to be identified through wide community and stakeholder consultation on the basis of the Do No Harm principles.

iii.            Coordination with Spatial and Regional Planning

  • Road delivery should be directed by a 5-10 year Transport Master Plan. Network planning should secure the mobility and accessibility of markets, settlements, urban centres, ports and airports according to forecast growth.
  • To corroborate these trends and evaluate the impact of investment – social, economic, environmental and technical feasibility studies need to be performed. For instance, IGAD intends to commission a feasibility study of the Berbera–Togochale road.


b)     Balanced Investment

  • To ensure balanced development, resources need to be spent on upgrading and rehabilitating secondary, tertiary and vicinal roads.
  • Secondary roads need reinforcing to provide access to high-priority economic growth poles – agricultural areas, areas of industrial and natural resource development and access to ports and border crossings.
  • Tertiary and vicinal roads need strengthening to expand rural accessibility, increase marketable production, extend the ‘range of a good’ and broaden access to social services.
  • Core market centres (in livestock, farming, fishing, industry and commerce) detached from the primary network due to continued road deterioration need to be reconnected through rehabilitation and spot maintenance.
  • If left unchecked by the relevant authorities, precedence of primary roads will bypass important intermediate towns and settlements, stifle their development, promote primacy of core urban centres and create uneven growth.


c)      Private Sector Opportunities

  • There is a need, prior to the actual development of projects, to clarify the ultimate objectives for private sector road development.
  • Private sector cooperation needs to work in the public interest through strong accountability mechanisms and clear contractual arrangements.
  • Private sector interests should be maintained without compromising ecological integrity or leaking domestic economic returns.
  • Establishing investment guarantees needs to be discussed as a means of accelerating private infrastructure development.
  • The barriers to entry for private operators (e.g. procurement methods) need identification and potential solutions examined.
  • Local capacity to execute civil works requires enhancement (i.e. training of small-scale contractors to undertake routine construction and maintenance contracts).
  • Private sector engagement should be on the basis of public procurement best practice principles, essentially: open, transparent and competitive tendering processes, using national procurement systems where these exist and are sufficiently robust to deliver the best practice. In the absence of these systems, alternative approaches that deliver international procurement best practice need to be pursued, along with a programme to develop domestic procurement capacity.

d)     Assessing & Managing Project Risks

  • Basic conditions need establishing to appease any investor apprehension and incentivise further investment. Mitigating the security risk, strengthening the regulatory environment and heightening the transparency of construction and financial management procedures will create a setting more conducive to private investment and public-private partnership.
  • Infrastructure funds, co-funding contributions from respective Somali authorities and assistance from the Joint Financial Management Board (JFMB) need consideration.
  • Ensuring local ownership of road assets encourages preservation of new facilities and community mobilisation in maintenance tasks.

e)     Improving Road Sector Governance

  • State/regional/local institutional capacity for road policy, planning, financing, administration and management needs strengthening to ensure sustainability of capital investments. Such institutional building needs to draw on the lessons learned from the establishment of road authorities and road funds in Somaliland, Puntland and countries such as Ethiopia and Kenya.
  • Somali road authorities need to be the custodians of internationally aligned road safety, design, policy, planning, administration and management standards.
  • Data collection, information management and network maintenance planning systems need implementing. This covers comprehensive road inventories and regular condition surveys. Existing procedures in Somaliland and Puntland need building upon.
  • Road works and administration need to be planned and implemented so as to preserve the investment and reduce the total life-cycle cost of rehabilitation, maintenance and operation.
  • Road operations and maintenance requires early programming, budgeting and swift implementation so that roads do not fail before their design life (according to agreed road standards).
  • Financial resources need to be quickly and sufficiently available to finance programmed civil works. Delayed maintenance leads to accelerated degradation of road conditions and disproportionately higher costs for restoring roads to acceptable conditions.  Table 1 presents indicative low-volume road construction and maintenance costs in Somaliland & Puntland.
  • Procurement of consulting services and civil works need to be responsive so that interventions are executed on time, within budget, to agreed standards and within locally accountable frameworks.
  • Effective contract management needs to ensure that quality services are delivered as specified and within budget.
  • Local contractors need greater technical and financial capacity in order to execute the quantity and quality of civil works.
  • Any decentralisation of existing road authorities should reflect the phased devolution of responsibilities recommended in recent road sector studies of Puntland and Somaliland. The lessons documented here should advise the establishment of an equivalent authority in the South.


Table 1: Indicative Construction & Maintenance Costs – Somaliland & PuntlandSource: SRA (2012). PHA (2012).

Construction Costs (US$).
Includes basic drainage. No   bridges/culverts/drifts. Subject to geological/hydrological/topographical   variations. Haulage: 10km
Gravel road (low volume) 1000m x 6m x 0.3m
US$ 20-35,000
Tarmac road   (bitumen, low volume sealed) 1000m x 6m x 0.1m
US$ 95-125,000
Maintenance Costs   (US$)
Tarmac roads – routine &   recurrent maintenance
U$ 3,500/km
Tarmac roads – periodic   maintenance
U$ 5,500/km
Gravel roads – spot improvement
U$ 1,500/km
Gravel roads – routine &   recurrent maintenance
U$ 2,500/km
Gravel roads – periodic maintenance
U$ 3,500/km

References
United Nations and World Bank (2006). Somalia Joint Needs Assessment. Infrastructure Cluster Report.
United Nations and World Bank (2006). Somalia Joint Needs Assessment. Volume 2 – South Central Somalia.
United Nations and World Bank (2007). Somalia Joint Needs Assessment. Volume 3 – Puntland.
United Nations and World Bank (2007). Somalia Joint Needs Assessment. Volume 4 – Somaliland.
United Nations and World Bank (2008). Somalia Joint Needs Assessment. Volume 1 – Reconstruction and Development Programme Overall Synthesis Report.
United Nations Joint Programme for Local Governance and Decentralised Service Delivery (2011). Ministry of Public Works, Housing & Transport, Puntland –Institutional Capacity Assessment.
United Nations Joint Programme for Local Governance & Decentralised Service Delivery (2012). Road Sector Study, Puntland.
United Nations Joint Programme of Local Governance & Decentralised Service Delivery (2012). Road Sector Study, Somaliland.